ubsan: missed -fsanitize=bounds for compound ops [PR108060]

In this PR we are dealing with a missing .UBSAN_BOUNDS, so the
out-of-bounds access in the test makes the program crash before
a UBSan diagnostic was emitted.  In C and C++, c_genericize gets

  a[b] = a[b] | c;

but in C, both a[b] are one identical shared tree (not in C++ because
cp_fold/ARRAY_REF created two same but not identical trees).  Since
ubsan_walk_array_refs_r keeps a pset, in C we produce

  a[.UBSAN_BOUNDS (0B, SAVE_EXPR <b>, 8);, SAVE_EXPR <b>;] = a[b] | c;

because the LHS is walked before the RHS.

Since r7-1900, we gimplify the RHS before the LHS.  So the statement above
gets gimplified into

    _1 = a[b];
    c.0_2 = c;
    b.1 = b;
    .UBSAN_BOUNDS (0B, b.1, 8);

With this patch we produce:

  a[b] = a[.UBSAN_BOUNDS (0B, SAVE_EXPR <b>, 8);, SAVE_EXPR <b>;] | c;

which gets gimplified into:

    b.0 = b;
    .UBSAN_BOUNDS (0B, b.0, 8);
    _1 = a[b.0];

therefore we emit a runtime error before making the bad array access.

I think it's OK that only the RHS gets a .UBSAN_BOUNDS, as in few lines
above: the instrumented array access dominates the array access on the
LHS, and I've verified that

  b = 0;
  a[b] = (a[b], b = -32768, a[0] | c);

works as expected: the inner a[b] is OK but we do emit an error for the
a[b] on the LHS.

For GCC 14, we could apply
<https://gcc.gnu.org/pipermail/gcc-patches/2023-March/613687.html>
since the copy_node doesn't seem to be needed.

	PR sanitizer/108060
	PR sanitizer/109050

gcc/c-family/ChangeLog:

	* c-gimplify.cc (ubsan_walk_array_refs_r): For a MODIFY_EXPR, instrument
	the RHS before the LHS.

gcc/testsuite/ChangeLog:

	* c-c++-common/ubsan/bounds-17.c: New test.
	* c-c++-common/ubsan/bounds-18.c: New test.
	* c-c++-common/ubsan/bounds-19.c: New test.
	* c-c++-common/ubsan/bounds-20.c: New test.
	* c-c++-common/ubsan/bounds-21.c: New test.

gcc/c-family/c-gimplify.cc

@@ -106,6 +106,18 @@ ubsan_walk_array_refs_r (tree *tp, int *walk_subtrees, void *data)
     }
   else if (TREE_CODE (*tp) == ARRAY_REF)
     ubsan_maybe_instrument_array_ref (tp, false);
+  else if (TREE_CODE (*tp) == MODIFY_EXPR)
+    {
+      /* Since r7-1900, we gimplify RHS before LHS.  Consider
+	   a[b] |= c;
+	 wherein we can have a single shared tree a[b] in both LHS and RHS.
+	 If we only instrument the LHS and the access is invalid, the program
+	 could crash before emitting a UBSan error.  So instrument the RHS
+	 first.  */
+      *walk_subtrees = 0;
+      walk_tree (&TREE_OPERAND (*tp, 1), ubsan_walk_array_refs_r, pset, pset);
+      walk_tree (&TREE_OPERAND (*tp, 0), ubsan_walk_array_refs_r, pset, pset);
+    }
   return NULL_TREE;
 }
 

gcc/testsuite/c-c++-common/ubsan/bounds-17.c

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/* PR sanitizer/108060 */
+/* { dg-do run } */
+/* { dg-options "-fsanitize=bounds" } */
+/* { dg-skip-if "" { *-*-* } "-flto" } */
+/* { dg-shouldfail "ubsan" } */
+
+int a[8];
+int c;
+
+int
+main ()
+{
+  int b = -32768;
+  a[b] |= c;
+}
+
+/* { dg-output "index -32768 out of bounds for type 'int \\\[8\\\]'" } */

gcc/testsuite/c-c++-common/ubsan/bounds-18.c

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/* PR sanitizer/108060 */
+/* { dg-do run } */
+/* { dg-options "-fsanitize=bounds" } */
+/* { dg-skip-if "" { *-*-* } "-flto" } */
+/* { dg-shouldfail "ubsan" } */
+
+int a[8];
+int c;
+
+int
+main ()
+{
+  int b = -32768;
+  a[b] = a[b] | c;
+}
+
+/* { dg-output "index -32768 out of bounds for type 'int \\\[8\\\]'" } */

gcc/testsuite/c-c++-common/ubsan/bounds-19.c

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+/* PR sanitizer/108060 */
+/* { dg-do run } */
+/* { dg-options "-fsanitize=bounds" } */
+/* { dg-skip-if "" { *-*-* } "-flto" } */
+/* { dg-shouldfail "ubsan" } */
+
+int a[8];
+int a2[18];
+int c;
+
+int
+main ()
+{
+  int b = 0;
+  a[0] = (a2[b], b = -32768, a[0] | c);
+  b = 0;
+  a[b] = (a[b], b = -32768, a[0] | c);
+}
+
+/* { dg-output "index -32768 out of bounds for type 'int \\\[8\\\]'" } */

gcc/testsuite/c-c++-common/ubsan/bounds-20.c

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+/* PR sanitizer/109050 */
+/* { dg-do run } */
+/* { dg-options "-fsanitize=bounds -fno-sanitize-recover=all" } */
+/* { dg-shouldfail "ubsan" } */
+
+long a;
+int b;
+int
+main ()
+{
+  int c[4] = {0, 1, 2, 3};
+  a = 0;
+  c[a - 9806816] |= b;
+}
+
+/* { dg-output "index -9806816 out of bounds for type 'int \\\[4\\\]'" } */

gcc/testsuite/c-c++-common/ubsan/bounds-21.c

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/* PR sanitizer/109050 */
+/* { dg-do run } */
+/* { dg-options "-fsanitize=bounds -fno-sanitize-recover=all" } */
+
+int i;
+int foo (void) { return ++i; }
+
+int
+main ()
+{
+  char a[10] = { };
+  a[foo ()] = a[foo()] | 'a';
+  if (i != 2)
+    __builtin_abort ();
+  a[foo()] |= 'a';
+  if (i != 3)
+    __builtin_abort ();
+}