javaprims.h (java::lang): Add java::lang::StrictMath.

2002-02-14  Eric Blake  <ebb9@email.byu.edu>

	* gcj/javaprims.h (java::lang): Add java::lang::StrictMath.
	* Makefile.am (core_java_source_files): Add
	java/lang/StrictMath.java.
	* java/lang/Math.java: Merge with Classpath.
	* java/lang/StrictMath.java: New file - merge with Classpath.

From-SVN: r49781

libjava/ChangeLog

@@ -1,3 +1,11 @@
+2002-02-14  Eric Blake  <ebb9@email.byu.edu>
+
+	* gcj/javaprims.h (java::lang): Add java::lang::StrictMath.
+	* Makefile.am (core_java_source_files): Add
+	java/lang/StrictMath.java.
+	* java/lang/Math.java: Merge with Classpath.
+	* java/lang/StrictMath.java: New file - merge with Classpath.
+
 2002-02-14  Mark Wielaard  <mark@klomp.org>
 
 	* java/math/BigInteger.java: import gnu.java.math.MPN not the whole

libjava/Makefile.am

@@ -1102,6 +1102,7 @@ java/lang/SecurityException.java \
 java/lang/SecurityManager.java \
 java/lang/Short.java \
 java/lang/StackOverflowError.java \
+java/lang/StrictMath.java \
 java/lang/String.java \
 java/lang/StringBuffer.java \
 java/lang/StringIndexOutOfBoundsException.java \

libjava/gcj/javaprims.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // javaprims.h - Main external header file for libgcj.  -*- c++ -*-
 
-/* Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001  Free Software Foundation
+/* Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002  Free Software Foundation
 
    This file is part of libgcj.
 
@@ -193,6 +193,7 @@ extern "Java"
       class SecurityManager;
       class Short;
       class StackOverflowError;
+      class StrictMath;
       class String;
       class String$CaseInsensitiveComparator;
       class StringBuffer;

libjava/java/lang/Math.java

@@ -1,128 +1,643 @@
-/* Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2000  Free Software Foundation
+/* java.lang.Math -- common mathematical functions, native allowed
+   Copyright (C) 1998, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+This file is part of GNU Classpath.
+
+GNU Classpath is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+any later version.
+
+GNU Classpath is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+along with GNU Classpath; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the
+Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA
+02111-1307 USA.
+
+Linking this library statically or dynamically with other modules is
+making a combined work based on this library.  Thus, the terms and
+conditions of the GNU General Public License cover the whole
+combination.
+
+As a special exception, the copyright holders of this library give you
+permission to link this library with independent modules to produce an
+executable, regardless of the license terms of these independent
+modules, and to copy and distribute the resulting executable under
+terms of your choice, provided that you also meet, for each linked
+independent module, the terms and conditions of the license of that
+module.  An independent module is a module which is not derived from
+or based on this library.  If you modify this library, you may extend
+this exception to your version of the library, but you are not
+obligated to do so.  If you do not wish to do so, delete this
+exception statement from your version. */
 
-   This file is part of libgcj.
 
-This software is copyrighted work licensed under the terms of the
-Libgcj License.  Please consult the file "LIBGCJ_LICENSE" for
-details.  */
- 
-/**
- * @author Andrew Haley <aph@cygnus.com>
- * @date September 18, 1998.  
- */
-/* Written using "Java Class Libraries", 2nd edition, ISBN 0-201-31002-3
- * "The Java Language Specification", ISBN 0-201-63451-1
- * plus online API docs for JDK 1.2 beta from http://www.javasoft.com.
- * Status:  Believed complete and correct.
- */
- 
 package java.lang;
 
 import java.util.Random;
+import gnu.classpath.Configuration;
 
-public final class Math 
+/**
+ * Helper class containing useful mathematical functions and constants.
+ * <P>
+ *
+ * Note that angles are specified in radians.  Conversion functions are
+ * provided for your convenience.
+ *
+ * @author Paul Fisher
+ * @author John Keiser
+ * @author Eric Blake <ebb9@email.byu.edu>
+ * @since 1.0
+ */
+public final class Math
 {
-  private static Random random_;
+  /**
-
+   * Math is non-instantiable
-  public static final double E  = 2.7182818284590452354;
+   */
-  public static final double PI = 3.14159265358979323846;
+  private Math()
-
-  public static native double sin (double x);
-
-  public static native double cos (double x);
-
-  public static native double tan (double x);
-
-  public static native double asin (double x);
-
-  public static native double acos (double x);
-
-  public static native double atan (double x);
-
-  public static native double atan2(double y, double x);
-
-  public static native double exp (double x);
-
-  public static native double log (double x);
-
-  public static native double sqrt (double x);
-
-  public static native double pow (double x, double y);
-
-  public static native double IEEEremainder (double x, double y);
-
-  public static native double ceil (double x);
-
-  public static native double floor (double x);
-
-  public static native double rint (double x);
-
-  public static native int round (float x);
-
-  public static native long round (double x);
-  
-  public static synchronized double random ()
   {
-    if (random_ == null)
-      random_ = new Random ();
-    return random_.nextDouble ();
   }
 
-  public static int abs (int n)
+  static
   {
-    return (n < 0 ? -n : n);
+    if (Configuration.INIT_LOAD_LIBRARY)
+      {
+	System.loadLibrary("javalang");
+      }
   }
 
-  public static long abs (long n)
+  /**
+   * A random number generator, initialized on first use.
+   */
+  private static Random rand;
+
+  /**
+   * The most accurate approximation to the mathematical constant <em>e</em>:
+   * <code>2.718281828459045</code>. Used in natural log and exp.
+   *
+   * @see #log(double)
+   * @see #exp(double)
+   */
+  public static final double E = 2.718281828459045;
+
+  /**
+   * The most accurate approximation to the mathematical constant <em>pi</em>:
+   * <code>3.141592653589793</code>. This is the ratio of a circle's diameter
+   * to its circumference.
+   */
+  public static final double PI = 3.141592653589793;
+
+  /**
+   * Take the absolute value of the argument.
+   * (Absolute value means make it positive.)
+   * <P>
+   *
+   * Note that the the largest negative value (Integer.MIN_VALUE) cannot
+   * be made positive.  In this case, because of the rules of negation in
+   * a computer, MIN_VALUE is what will be returned.
+   * This is a <em>negative</em> value.  You have been warned.
+   *
+   * @param i the number to take the absolute value of
+   * @return the absolute value
+   * @see Integer#MIN_VALUE
+   */
+  public static int abs(int i)
   {
-    return (n < 0 ? -n : n);
+    return (i < 0) ? -i : i;
   }
 
-  public static native float abs (float x);
+  /**
-
+   * Take the absolute value of the argument.
-  public static native double abs (double x);
+   * (Absolute value means make it positive.)
-
+   * <P>
-  public static int min (int a, int b)
+   *
+   * Note that the the largest negative value (Long.MIN_VALUE) cannot
+   * be made positive.  In this case, because of the rules of negation in
+   * a computer, MIN_VALUE is what will be returned.
+   * This is a <em>negative</em> value.  You have been warned.
+   *
+   * @param l the number to take the absolute value of
+   * @return the absolute value
+   * @see Long#MIN_VALUE
+   */
+  public static long abs(long l)
   {
-    return (a < b ? a : b);
+    return (l < 0) ? -l : l;
   }
 
-  public static long min (long a, long b)
+  /**
+   * Take the absolute value of the argument.
+   * (Absolute value means make it positive.)
+   * <P>
+   *
+   * This is equivalent, but faster than, calling
+   * <code>Float.intBitsToFloat(0x7fffffff & Float.floatToIntBits(a))</code>.
+   *
+   * @param f the number to take the absolute value of
+   * @return the absolute value
+   */
+  public static float abs(float f)
   {
-    return (a < b ? a : b);
+    return (f <= 0) ? 0 - f : f;
   }
 
-  public static native float min (float a, float b);
+  /**
-
+   * Take the absolute value of the argument.
-  public static native double min (double a, double b);
+   * (Absolute value means make it positive.)
-
+   *
-  public static int max (int a, int b)
+   * This is equivalent, but faster than, calling
+   * <code>Double.longBitsToDouble(Double.doubleToLongBits(a)
+   *       &lt;&lt; 1) &gt;&gt;&gt; 1);</code>.
+   *
+   * @param d the number to take the absolute value of
+   * @return the absolute value
+   */
+  public static double abs(double d)
   {
-    return (a < b ? b : a);
+    return (d <= 0) ? 0 - d : d;
   }
 
-  public static long max (long a, long b)
+  /**
+   * Return whichever argument is smaller.
+   *
+   * @param a the first number
+   * @param b a second number
+   * @return the smaller of the two numbers
+   */
+  public static int min(int a, int b)
   {
-    return (a < b ? b : a);
+    return (a < b) ? a : b;
   }
 
-  public static native float max (float a, float b);
+  /**
-
+   * Return whichever argument is smaller.
-  public static native double max (double a, double b);
+   *
-
+   * @param a the first number
-  public static double toDegrees (double radians)
+   * @param b a second number
+   * @return the smaller of the two numbers
+   */
+  public static long min(long a, long b)
   {
-    return radians * 180 / PI;
+    return (a < b) ? a : b;
   }
 
-  public static double toRadians (double degrees)
+  /**
+   * Return whichever argument is smaller. If either argument is NaN, the
+   * result is NaN, and when comparing 0 and -0, -0 is always smaller.
+   *
+   * @param a the first number
+   * @param b a second number
+   * @return the smaller of the two numbers
+   */
+  public static float min(float a, float b)
   {
-    return degrees * PI / 180;
+    // this check for NaN, from JLS 15.21.1, saves a method call
+    if (a != a)
+      return a;
+    // no need to check if b is NaN; < will work correctly
+    // recall that -0.0 == 0.0, but [+-]0.0 - [+-]0.0 behaves special
+    if (a == 0 && b == 0)
+      return -(-a - b);
+    return (a < b) ? a : b;
   }
 
-  // Don't allow objects to be made.
+  /**
-  private Math ()
+   * Return whichever argument is smaller. If either argument is NaN, the
+   * result is NaN, and when comparing 0 and -0, -0 is always smaller.
+   *
+   * @param a the first number
+   * @param b a second number
+   * @return the smaller of the two numbers
+   */
+  public static double min(double a, double b)
   {
+    // this check for NaN, from JLS 15.21.1, saves a method call
+    if (a != a)
+      return a;
+    // no need to check if b is NaN; < will work correctly
+    // recall that -0.0 == 0.0, but [+-]0.0 - [+-]0.0 behaves special
+    if (a == 0 && b == 0)
+      return -(-a - b);
+    return (a < b) ? a : b;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return whichever argument is larger.
+   *
+   * @param a the first number
+   * @param b a second number
+   * @return the larger of the two numbers
+   */
+  public static int max(int a, int b)
+  {
+    return (a > b) ? a : b;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return whichever argument is larger.
+   *
+   * @param a the first number
+   * @param b a second number
+   * @return the larger of the two numbers
+   */
+  public static long max(long a, long b)
+  {
+    return (a > b) ? a : b;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return whichever argument is larger. If either argument is NaN, the
+   * result is NaN, and when comparing 0 and -0, 0 is always larger.
+   *
+   * @param a the first number
+   * @param b a second number
+   * @return the larger of the two numbers
+   */
+  public static float max(float a, float b)
+  {
+    // this check for NaN, from JLS 15.21.1, saves a method call
+    if (a != a)
+      return a;
+    // no need to check if b is NaN; > will work correctly
+    // recall that -0.0 == 0.0, but [+-]0.0 - [+-]0.0 behaves special
+    if (a == 0 && b == 0)
+      return a - -b;
+    return (a > b) ? a : b;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return whichever argument is larger. If either argument is NaN, the
+   * result is NaN, and when comparing 0 and -0, 0 is always larger.
+   *
+   * @param a the first number
+   * @param b a second number
+   * @return the larger of the two numbers
+   */
+  public static double max(double a, double b)
+  {
+    // this check for NaN, from JLS 15.21.1, saves a method call
+    if (a != a)
+      return a;
+    // no need to check if b is NaN; > will work correctly
+    // recall that -0.0 == 0.0, but [+-]0.0 - [+-]0.0 behaves special
+    if (a == 0 && b == 0)
+      return a - -b;
+    return (a > b) ? a : b;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The trigonometric function <em>sin</em>. The sine of NaN or infinity is
+   * NaN, and the sine of 0 retains its sign. This is accurate within 1 ulp,
+   * and is semi-monotonic.
+   *
+   * @param a the angle (in radians)
+   * @return sin(a)
+   */
+  public native static double sin(double a);
+
+  /**
+   * The trigonometric function <em>cos</em>. The cosine of NaN or infinity is
+   * NaN. This is accurate within 1 ulp, and is semi-monotonic.
+   *
+   * @param a the angle (in radians)
+   * @return cos(a)
+   */
+  public native static double cos(double a);
+
+  /**
+   * The trigonometric function <em>tan</em>. The tangent of NaN or infinity
+   * is NaN, and the tangent of 0 retains its sign. This is accurate within 1
+   * ulp, and is semi-monotonic.
+   *
+   * @param a the angle (in radians)
+   * @return tan(a)
+   */
+  public native static double tan(double a);
+
+  /**
+   * The trigonometric function <em>arcsin</em>. The range of angles returned
+   * is -pi/2 to pi/2 radians (-90 to 90 degrees). If the argument is NaN or
+   * its absolute value is beyond 1, the result is NaN; and the arcsine of
+   * 0 retains its sign. This is accurate within 1 ulp, and is semi-monotonic.
+   *
+   * @param a the sin to turn back into an angle
+   * @return arcsin(a)
+   */
+  public native static double asin(double a);
+
+  /**
+   * The trigonometric function <em>arccos</em>. The range of angles returned
+   * is 0 to pi radians (0 to 180 degrees). If the argument is NaN or
+   * its absolute value is beyond 1, the result is NaN. This is accurate
+   * within 1 ulp, and is semi-monotonic.
+   *
+   * @param a the cos to turn back into an angle
+   * @return arccos(a)
+   */
+  public native static double acos(double a);
+
+  /**
+   * The trigonometric function <em>arcsin</em>. The range of angles returned
+   * is -pi/2 to pi/2 radians (-90 to 90 degrees). If the argument is NaN, the
+   * result is NaN; and the arctangent of 0 retains its sign. This is accurate
+   * within 1 ulp, and is semi-monotonic.
+   *
+   * @param a the tan to turn back into an angle
+   * @return arcsin(a)
+   * @see #atan2(double, double)
+   */
+  public native static double atan(double a);
+
+  /**
+   * A special version of the trigonometric function <em>arctan</em>, for
+   * converting rectangular coordinates <em>(x, y)</em> to polar
+   * <em>(r, theta)</em>. This computes the arctangent of x/y in the range
+   * of -pi to pi radians (-180 to 180 degrees). Special cases:<ul>
+   * <li>If either argument is NaN, the result is NaN.</li>
+   * <li>If the first argument is positive zero and the second argument is
+   * positive, or the first argument is positive and finite and the second
+   * argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive zero.</li>
+   * <li>If the first argument is negative zero and the second argument is
+   * positive, or the first argument is negative and finite and the second
+   * argument is positive infinity, then the result is negative zero.</li>
+   * <li>If the first argument is positive zero and the second argument is
+   * negative, or the first argument is positive and finite and the second
+   * argument is negative infinity, then the result is the double value
+   * closest to pi.</li>
+   * <li>If the first argument is negative zero and the second argument is
+   * negative, or the first argument is negative and finite and the second
+   * argument is negative infinity, then the result is the double value
+   * closest to -pi.</li>
+   * <li>If the first argument is positive and the second argument is
+   * positive zero or negative zero, or the first argument is positive
+   * infinity and the second argument is finite, then the result is the
+   * double value closest to pi/2.</li>
+   * <li>If the first argument is negative and the second argument is
+   * positive zero or negative zero, or the first argument is negative
+   * infinity and the second argument is finite, then the result is the
+   * double value closest to -pi/2.</li>
+   * <li>If both arguments are positive infinity, then the result is the
+   * double value closest to pi/4.</li>
+   * <li>If the first argument is positive infinity and the second argument
+   * is negative infinity, then the result is the double value closest to
+   * 3*pi/4.</li>
+   * <li>If the first argument is negative infinity and the second argument
+   * is positive infinity, then the result is the double value closest to
+   * -pi/4.</li>
+   * <li>If both arguments are negative infinity, then the result is the
+   * double value closest to -3*pi/4.</li>
+   *
+   * </ul><p>This is accurate within 2 ulps, and is semi-monotonic. To get r,
+   * use sqrt(x*x+y*y).
+   *
+   * @param y the y position
+   * @param x the x position
+   * @return <em>theta</em> in the conversion of (x, y) to (r, theta)
+   * @see #atan(double)
+   */
+  public native static double atan2(double y, double x);
+
+  /**
+   * Take <em>e</em><sup>a</sup>.  The opposite of <code>log()</code>. If the
+   * argument is NaN, the result is NaN; if the argument is positive infinity,
+   * the result is positive infinity; and if the argument is negative
+   * infinity, the result is positive zero. This is accurate within 1 ulp,
+   * and is semi-monotonic.
+   *
+   * @param a the number to raise to the power
+   * @return the number raised to the power of <em>e</em>
+   * @see #log(double)
+   * @see #pow(double, double)
+   */
+  public native static double exp(double a);
+
+  /**
+   * Take ln(a) (the natural log).  The opposite of <code>exp()</code>. If the
+   * argument is NaN or negative, the result is NaN; if the argument is
+   * positive infinity, the result is positive infinity; and if the argument
+   * is either zero, the result is negative infinity. This is accurate within
+   * 1 ulp, and is semi-monotonic.
+   *
+   * <p>Note that the way to get log<sub>b</sub>(a) is to do this:
+   * <code>ln(a) / ln(b)</code>.
+   *
+   * @param a the number to take the natural log of
+   * @return the natural log of <code>a</code>
+   * @see #exp(double)
+   */
+  public native static double log(double a);
+
+  /**
+   * Take a square root. If the argument is NaN or negative, the result is
+   * NaN; if the argument is positive infinity, the result is positive
+   * infinity; and if the result is either zero, the result is the same.
+   * This is accurate within the limits of doubles.
+   *
+   * <p>For other roots, use pow(a, 1 / rootNumber).
+   *
+   * @param a the numeric argument
+   * @return the square root of the argument
+   * @see #pow(double, double)
+   */
+  public native static double sqrt(double a);
+
+  /**
+   * Raise a number to a power. Special cases:<ul>
+   * <li>If the second argument is positive or negative zero, then the result
+   * is 1.0.</li>
+   * <li>If the second argument is 1.0, then the result is the same as the
+   * first argument.</li>
+   * <li>If the second argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.</li>
+   * <li>If the first argument is NaN and the second argument is nonzero,
+   * then the result is NaN.</li>
+   * <li>If the absolute value of the first argument is greater than 1 and
+   * the second argument is positive infinity, or the absolute value of the
+   * first argument is less than 1 and the second argument is negative
+   * infinity, then the result is positive infinity.</li>
+   * <li>If the absolute value of the first argument is greater than 1 and
+   * the second argument is negative infinity, or the absolute value of the
+   * first argument is less than 1 and the second argument is positive
+   * infinity, then the result is positive zero.</li>
+   * <li>If the absolute value of the first argument equals 1 and the second
+   * argument is infinite, then the result is NaN.</li>
+   * <li>If the first argument is positive zero and the second argument is
+   * greater than zero, or the first argument is positive infinity and the
+   * second argument is less than zero, then the result is positive zero.</li>
+   * <li>If the first argument is positive zero and the second argument is
+   * less than zero, or the first argument is positive infinity and the
+   * second argument is greater than zero, then the result is positive
+   * infinity.</li>
+   * <li>If the first argument is negative zero and the second argument is
+   * greater than zero but not a finite odd integer, or the first argument is
+   * negative infinity and the second argument is less than zero but not a
+   * finite odd integer, then the result is positive zero.</li>
+   * <li>If the first argument is negative zero and the second argument is a
+   * positive finite odd integer, or the first argument is negative infinity
+   * and the second argument is a negative finite odd integer, then the result
+   * is negative zero.</li>
+   * <li>If the first argument is negative zero and the second argument is
+   * less than zero but not a finite odd integer, or the first argument is
+   * negative infinity and the second argument is greater than zero but not a
+   * finite odd integer, then the result is positive infinity.</li>
+   * <li>If the first argument is negative zero and the second argument is a
+   * negative finite odd integer, or the first argument is negative infinity
+   * and the second argument is a positive finite odd integer, then the result
+   * is negative infinity.</li>
+   * <li>If the first argument is less than zero and the second argument is a
+   * finite even integer, then the result is equal to the result of raising
+   * the absolute value of the first argument to the power of the second
+   * argument.</li>
+   * <li>If the first argument is less than zero and the second argument is a
+   * finite odd integer, then the result is equal to the negative of the
+   * result of raising the absolute value of the first argument to the power
+   * of the second argument.</li>
+   * <li>If the first argument is finite and less than zero and the second
+   * argument is finite and not an integer, then the result is NaN.</li>
+   * <li>If both arguments are integers, then the result is exactly equal to
+   * the mathematical result of raising the first argument to the power of
+   * the second argument if that result can in fact be represented exactly as
+   * a double value.</li>
+   *
+   * </ul><p>(In the foregoing descriptions, a floating-point value is
+   * considered to be an integer if and only if it is a fixed point of the
+   * method {@link #ceil(double)} or, equivalently, a fixed point of the
+   * method {@link #floor(double)}. A value is a fixed point of a one-argument
+   * method if and only if the result of applying the method to the value is
+   * equal to the value.) This is accurate within 1 ulp, and is semi-monotonic.
+   *
+   * @param a the number to raise
+   * @param b the power to raise it to
+   * @return a<sup>b</sup>
+   */
+  public native static double pow(double a, double b);
+
+  /**
+   * Get the IEEE 754 floating point remainder on two numbers. This is the
+   * value of <code>x - y * <em>n</em></code>, where <em>n</em> is the closest
+   * double to <code>x / y</code> (ties go to the even n); for a zero
+   * remainder, the sign is that of <code>x</code>. If either argument is NaN,
+   * the first argument is infinite, or the second argument is zero, the result
+   * is NaN; if x is finite but y is infinte, the result is x. This is
+   * accurate within the limits of doubles.
+   *
+   * @param x the dividend (the top half)
+   * @param y the divisor (the bottom half)
+   * @return the IEEE 754-defined floating point remainder of x/y
+   * @see #rint(double)
+   */
+  public native static double IEEEremainder(double x, double y);
+
+  /**
+   * Take the nearest integer that is that is greater than or equal to the
+   * argument. If the argument is NaN, infinite, or zero, the result is the
+   * same; if the argument is between -1 and 0, the result is negative zero.
+   * Note that <code>Math.ceil(x) == -Math.floor(-x)</code>.
+   *
+   * @param a the value to act upon
+   * @return the nearest integer &gt;= <code>a</code>
+   */
+  public native static double ceil(double a);
+
+  /**
+   * Take the nearest integer that is that is less than or equal to the
+   * argument. If the argument is NaN, infinite, or zero, the result is the
+   * same. Note that <code>Math.ceil(x) == -Math.floor(-x)</code>.
+   *
+   * @param a the value to act upon
+   * @return the nearest integer &lt;= <code>a</code>
+   */
+  public native static double floor(double a);
+
+  /**
+   * Take the nearest integer to the argument.  If it is exactly between
+   * two integers, the even integer is taken. If the argument is NaN,
+   * infinite, or zero, the result is the same.
+   *
+   * @param a the value to act upon
+   * @return the nearest integer to <code>a</code>
+   */
+  public native static double rint(double a);
+
+  /**
+   * Take the nearest integer to the argument.  This is equivalent to
+   * <code>(int) Math.floor(a + 0.5f). If the argument is NaN, the result
+   * is 0; otherwise if the argument is outside the range of int, the result
+   * will be Integer.MIN_VALUE or Integer.MAX_VALUE, as appropriate.
+   *
+   * @param a the argument to round
+   * @return the nearest integer to the argument
+   * @see Integer#MIN_VALUE
+   * @see Integer#MAX_VALUE
+   */
+  public static int round(float a)
+  {
+    return (int) floor(a + 0.5f);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Take the nearest long to the argument.  This is equivalent to
+   * <code>(long) Math.floor(a + 0.5)</code>. If the argument is NaN, the
+   * result is 0; otherwise if the argument is outside the range of long, the
+   * result will be Long.MIN_VALUE or Long.MAX_VALUE, as appropriate.
+   *
+   * @param a the argument to round
+   * @return the nearest long to the argument
+   * @see Long#MIN_VALUE
+   * @see Long#MAX_VALUE
+   */
+  public static long round(double a)
+  {
+    return (long) floor(a + 0.5d);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get a random number.  This behaves like Random.nextDouble(), seeded by
+   * System.currentTimeMillis() when first called. In other words, the number
+   * is from a pseudorandom sequence, and lies in the range [+0.0, 1.0).
+   * This random sequence is only used by this method, and is threadsafe,
+   * although you may want your own random number generator if it is shared
+   * among threads.
+   *
+   * @return a random number
+   * @see Random#nextDouble()
+   * @see System#currentTimeMillis()
+   */
+  public static synchronized double random()
+  {
+    if (rand == null)
+      rand = new Random();
+    return rand.nextDouble();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Convert from degrees to radians. The formula for this is
+   * radians = degrees * (pi/180); however it is not always exact given the
+   * limitations of floating point numbers.
+   *
+   * @param degrees an angle in degrees
+   * @return the angle in radians
+   * @since 1.2
+   */
+  public static double toRadians(double degrees)
+  {
+    return degrees * (PI / 180);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Convert from radians to degrees. The formula for this is
+   * degrees = radians * (180/pi); however it is not always exact given the
+   * limitations of floating point numbers.
+   *
+   * @param rads an angle in radians
+   * @return the angle in degrees
+   * @since 1.2
+   */
+  public static double toDegrees(double rads)
+  {
+    return rads * (180 / PI);
   }
 }
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