<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="5.0"
	 xml:id="pbds.test" xreflabel="Test">
  <info><title>Testing</title></info>
  <?dbhtml filename="policy_based_data_structures_test.html"?>

  <!-- S01 regression -->
  <section xml:id="pbds.test.regression">
    <info><title>Regression</title></info>

    <para>The library contains a single comprehensive regression test.
    For a given container type in this library, the test creates
    an object of the container type and an object of the
    corresponding standard type (e.g., <classname>std::set</classname>). It
    then performs a random sequence of methods with random
    arguments (e.g., inserts, erases, and so forth) on both
    objects. At each operation, the test checks the return value of
    the method, and optionally both compares this library's
    object with the standard's object as well as performing other
    consistency checks on this library's object (e.g.,
    order preservation, when applicable, or node invariants, when
    applicable).</para>

    <para>Additionally, the test integrally checks exception safety
    and resource leaks. This is done as follows. A special
    allocator type, written for the purpose of the test, both
    randomly throws an exceptions when allocations are performed,
    and tracks allocations and de-allocations. The exceptions thrown
    at allocations simulate memory-allocation failures; the
    tracking mechanism checks for memory-related bugs (e.g.,
    resource leaks and multiple de-allocations). Both
    this library's containers and the containers' value-types are
    configured to use this allocator.</para>

    <para>For granularity, the test is split into the
    several sources, each checking only some containers.</para>

    <para>For more details, consult the files in
    <filename class="directory">testsuite/ext/pb_ds/regression</filename>.
    </para>
  </section>

  <!-- S02 performance -->
  <section xml:id="pbds.test.performance">
    <info><title>Performance</title></info>

    <section xml:id="performance.hash">
      <info><title>Hash-Based</title></info>
      <para></para>

      <!-- 01 <a href="hash_text_find_find_timing_test"> -->
      <section xml:id="performance.hash.text_find">
	<info><title>
	  Text <function>find</function>
	</title></info>
	<para></para>

	<section xml:id="hash.text_find.info">
	  <info><title>
	    Description
	  </title></info>

	  <para>
	    This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
	    arbitrary text (<xref
	    linkend="biblio.wickland96thirty"/>) into a container,
	    then performs a series of finds using
	    <function>find</function> . It measures the average
	    time for <function>find</function> as a function of
	  the number of values inserted.</para>
	  <para>
	    It uses the test file:
	    <filename>performance/ext/pb_ds/text_find_timing_test.cc</filename>
	  </para>

	  <para>
	    And uses the data file:
	    <filename>filethirty_years_among_the_dead_preproc.txt</filename>
	  </para>

	  <para>The test checks the effect of different range-hashing
	  functions, trigger policies, and cache-hashing policies.
	  </para>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="hash.text_find.results">
	  <info><title>
	    Results
	  </title></info>

	  <para>The graphic below show the results for the native
	  and collision-chaining hash types the function
	  applied being a text find timing test using
	  <function>find</function>.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_hash_text_find.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_hash_text_find.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="5" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <colspec colname="c4"/>
	      <colspec colname="c5"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    n_hash_map_ncah
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>cache_hash_code</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <constant>false</constant>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    cc_hash_mod_prime_1div1_nsth_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mod_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/1
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    cc_hash_mask_exp_1div2_sth_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>
		      cc_hash_table
		    </classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 03 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    cc_hash_mask_exp_1div1_nsth_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/1
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 04 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    cc_hash_mask_exp_1div2_nsth_map
		  </entry>
		</row>
		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="hash.text_find.observations">
	  <info><title>
	    Observations
	  </title></info>

	  <para>In this setting, the range-hashing scheme affects performance
	  more than other policies. As the results show, containers using
	  mod-based range-hashing (including the native hash-based container,
	  which is currently hard-wired to this scheme) have lower performance
	  than those using mask-based range-hashing. A modulo-based
	  range-hashing scheme's main benefit is that it takes into account
	  all hash-value bits. Standard string hash-functions are designed to
	  create hash values that are nearly-uniform as is (<xref
	  linkend="biblio.knuth98sorting"/>).</para>

	  <para>Trigger policies, i.e. the load-checks constants, affect
	  performance to a lesser extent.</para>

	  <para>Perhaps surprisingly, storing the hash value alongside each
	  entry affects performance only marginally, at least in this
	  library's implementation. (Unfortunately, it was not possible to run
	  the tests with <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname> 's
	  <classname>cache_hash_code = true</classname> , as it appeared to
	  malfuntion.)</para>

	</section>

      </section>

      <!-- 02 <a href="hash_int_find_timing_test"> -->
      <section xml:id="performance.hash.int_find">
	<info><title>
	  Integer <function>find</function>
	</title></info>
	<para></para>

	<section xml:id="hash.int_find.info">
	  <info><title>
	    Description
	  </title></info>

	  <para>This test inserts a number of values with uniform
	  integer keys into a container, then performs a series of finds
	  using <function>find</function>. It measures the average time
	  for <function>find</function> as a function of the number of values
	  inserted.</para>

	  <para>
	    It uses the test file:
	    <filename>performance/ext/pb_ds/random_int_find_timing.cc</filename>
	  </para>

	  <para>The test checks the effect of different underlying
	  hash-tables,
	  range-hashing functions, and trigger policies.</para>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="hash.int_find.results">
	  <info><title>
	    Results
	  </title></info>

	  <para>
	    There are two sets of results for this type, one for
	    collision-chaining hashes, and one for general-probe hashes.
	  </para>

	  <para>The first graphic below shows the results for the native and
	  collision-chaining hash types. The function applied being a random
	  integer timing test using <function>find</function>.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic 01 -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_cc_hash_int_find.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_cc_hash_int_find.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="5" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <colspec colname="c4"/>
	      <colspec colname="c5"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    n_hash_map_ncah
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>cache_hash_code</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <constant>false</constant>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    cc_hash_mod_prime_1div1_nsth_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mod_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/1
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    cc_hash_mod_prime_1div2_nsth_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>
		      cc_hash_table
		    </classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mod_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 03 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    cc_hash_mask_exp_1div1_nsth_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/1
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 04 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    cc_hash_mask_exp_1div2_nsth_map
		  </entry>
		</row>
		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>

	  <para>
	  </para>

	  <para>
	  </para>

	  <para>And the second graphic shows the results for the native and
	  general-probe hash types. The function applied being a random
	  integer timing test using <function>find</function>.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic 02 -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_gp_hash_int_find.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_gp_hash_int_find.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="5" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <colspec colname="c4"/>
	      <colspec colname="c5"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    n_hash_map_ncah
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>cache_hash_code</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <constant>false</constant>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    gp_hash_mod_quadp_prime_1div2_nsth_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
		    <classname>gp_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mod_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Probe_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>quadratic_probe_fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    gp_hash_mask_linp_exp_1div2_nsth_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
		    <classname>
		      gp_hash_table
		    </classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Probe_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>linear_probe_fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="hash.int_find.observations">
	  <info><title>
	    Observations
	  </title></info>

	  <para>In this setting, the choice of underlying hash-table affects
	  performance most, then the range-hashing scheme and, only finally,
	  other policies.</para>

	  <para>When comparing probing and chaining containers, it is
	  apparent that the probing containers are less efficient than the
	  collision-chaining containers (
	  <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname> uses
	  collision-chaining) in this case.</para>

	  <para>Hash-Based Integer Subscript Insert Timing Test shows
	  a different case, where the situation is reversed;
	  </para>

	  <para>Within each type of hash-table, the range-hashing scheme
	  affects performance more than other policies; Hash-Based Text
	  <function>find</function> Find Timing Test also shows this. In the
	  above graphics should be noted that
	  <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname> are hard-wired
	  currently to mod-based schemes.
	  </para>

	</section>

      </section>

      <!-- 03 <a href="hash_int_subscript_find_test"> -->
      <section xml:id="performance.hash.int_subscript_find">
	<info><title>
	  Integer Subscript <function>find</function>
	</title></info>
	<para></para>

	<section xml:id="hash.int_subscript_find.info">
	  <info><title>
	    Description
	  </title></info>

	  <para>This test inserts a number of values with uniform
	  integer keys into a container, then performs a series of finds
	  using <function>operator[]</function>. It measures the average time
	  for <function>operator[]</function> as a function of the number of
	  values inserted.</para>

	  <para>
	    It uses the test file:
	    <filename>performance/ext/pb_ds/random_int_subscript_find_timing.cc</filename>
	  </para>

	  <para>The test checks the effect of different underlying
	  hash-tables, range-hashing functions, and trigger policies.</para>


	</section>

	<section xml:id="hash.int_subscript_find.results">
	  <info><title>
	    Results
	  </title></info>

	  <para>
	    There are two sets of results for this type, one for
	    collision-chaining hashes, and one for general-probe hashes.
	  </para>

	  <para>The first graphic below shows the results for the native
	  and collision-chaining hash types, using as the function
	  applied an integer subscript timing test with
	  <function>find</function>.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_cc_hash_int_subscript_find.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_cc_hash_int_subscript_find.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>

	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="5" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <colspec colname="c4"/>
	      <colspec colname="c5"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    n_hash_map_ncah
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>cache_hash_code</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <constant>false</constant>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    cc_hash_mod_prime_1div1_nsth_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mod_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/1
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    cc_hash_mod_prime_1div2_nsth_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mod_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 03 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    cc_hash_mask_exp_1div1_nsth_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/1
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 04 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    cc_hash_mask_exp_1div2_nsth_map
		  </entry>
		</row>
		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>


	  <para>
	  </para>

	  <para>
	  </para>

	  <para>And the second graphic shows the results for the native and
	  general-probe hash types. The function applied being a random
	  integer timing test using <function>find</function>.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic 02 -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_gp_hash_int_subscript_find.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_gp_hash_int_subscript_find.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="5" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <colspec colname="c4"/>
	      <colspec colname="c5"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    n_hash_map_ncah
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>cache_hash_code</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <constant>false</constant>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    gp_hash_mod_quadp_prime_1div2_nsth_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
		    <classname>gp_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mod_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Probe_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>quadratic_probe_fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    gp_hash_mask_linp_exp_1div2_nsth_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
		    <classname>
		      gp_hash_table
		    </classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Probe_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>linear_probe_fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>


	</section>

	<section xml:id="hash.int_subscript_find.observations">
	  <info><title>
	    Observations
	  </title></info>
	  <para>This test shows similar results to Hash-Based
	  Integer <classname>find</classname> Find Timing test.</para>

	</section>

      </section>

      <!-- 04 <a href="hash_random_int_subscript_insert_timing_test"> -->
      <section xml:id="performance.hash.int_subscript_insert">
	<info><title>
	  Integer Subscript <function>insert</function>
	</title></info>
	<para></para>

	<section xml:id="hash.int_subscript_insert.info">
	  <info><title>
	    Description
	  </title></info>

	  <para>This test inserts a number of values with uniform i.i.d.
	  integer keys into a container, using
	  <function>operator[]</function>. It measures the average time for
	  <function>operator[]</function> as a function of the number of
	  values inserted.</para>

	  <para>
	    It uses the test file:
	    <filename>performance/ext/pb_ds/random_int_subscript_insert_timing.cc</filename>
	  </para>

	  <para>The test checks the effect of different underlying
	  hash-tables.</para>


	</section>

	<section xml:id="hash.int_subscript_insert.results">
	  <info><title>
	    Results
	  </title></info>

	  <para>
	    There are two sets of results for this type, one for
	    collision-chaining hashes, and one for general-probe hashes.
	  </para>

	  <para>The first graphic below shows the results for the native
	  and collision-chaining hash types, using as the function
	  applied an integer subscript timing test with
	  <function>insert</function>.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_cc_hash_int_subscript_insert.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_cc_hash_int_subscript_insert.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>

	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="5" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <colspec colname="c4"/>
	      <colspec colname="c5"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    n_hash_map_ncah
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>cache_hash_code</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <constant>false</constant>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    cc_hash_mod_prime_1div1_nsth_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mod_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/1
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    cc_hash_mod_prime_1div2_nsth_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mod_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 03 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    cc_hash_mask_exp_1div1_nsth_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/1
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 04 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    cc_hash_mask_exp_1div2_nsth_map
		  </entry>
		</row>
		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>


	  <para>
	  </para>

	  <para>
	  </para>

	  <para>And the second graphic shows the results for the native and
	  general-probe hash types. The function applied being a random
	  integer timing test using <function>find</function>.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic 02 -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_gp_hash_int_subscript_insert.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_gp_hash_int_subscript_insert.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="5" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <colspec colname="c4"/>
	      <colspec colname="c5"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    n_hash_map_ncah
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>cache_hash_code</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <constant>false</constant>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    gp_hash_mod_quadp_prime_1div2_nsth_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
		    <classname>gp_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mod_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Probe_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>quadratic_probe_fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    gp_hash_mask_linp_exp_1div2_nsth_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
		    <classname>
		      gp_hash_table
		    </classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Probe_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>linear_probe_fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>


	</section>

	<section xml:id="hash.int_subscript_insert.observations">
	  <info><title>
	    Observations
	  </title></info>

	  <para>In this setting, as in Hash-Based Text
	  <function>find</function> Find Timing test and Hash-Based
	  Integer <function>find</function> Find Timing test , the choice
	  of underlying hash-table underlying hash-table affects performance
	  most, then the range-hashing scheme, and
	  finally any other policies.</para>
	  <para>There are some differences, however:</para>
	  <orderedlist>
	    <listitem><para>In this setting, probing tables function sometimes more
	    efficiently than collision-chaining tables.
	    This is explained shortly.</para></listitem>
	    <listitem><para>The performance graphs have a "saw-tooth" shape. The
	    average insert time rises and falls. As values are inserted
	    into the container, the load factor grows larger. Eventually,
	    a resize occurs. The reallocations and rehashing are
	    relatively expensive. After this, the load factor is smaller
	    than before.</para></listitem>
	  </orderedlist>

	  <para>Collision-chaining containers use indirection for greater
	  flexibility; probing containers store values contiguously, in
	  an array (see Figure Motivation::Different
	  underlying data structures A and B, respectively). It
	  follows that for simple data types, probing containers access
	  their allocator less frequently than collision-chaining
	  containers, (although they still have less efficient probing
	  sequences). This explains why some probing containers fare
	  better than collision-chaining containers in this case.</para>

	  <para>
	    Within each type of hash-table, the range-hashing scheme affects
	    performance more than other policies. This is similar to the
	    situation in Hash-Based Text
	    <function>find</function> Find Timing Test and Hash-Based
	    Integer <function>find</function> Find Timing Test.
	    Unsurprisingly, however, containers with lower α<subscript>max</subscript> perform worse in this case,
	  since more re-hashes are performed.</para>

	</section>

      </section>


      <!-- 05 <a href="hash_zlob_random_int_find_find_timing_test"> -->

      <!-- 05 <a href="hash_zlob_random_int_find_find_timing_test"> -->
      <section xml:id="performance.hash.zlob_int_find">
	<info><title>
	  Integer <function>find</function> with Skewed-Distribution
	</title></info>
	<para></para>

	<section xml:id="hash.zlob_int_find.info">
	  <info><title>
	    Description
	  </title></info>

	  <para>This test inserts a number of values with a markedly
	  non-uniform integer keys into a container, then performs
	  a series of finds using <function>find</function>. It measures the average
	  time for <function>find</function> as a function of the number of values in
	  the containers. The keys are generated as follows. First, a
	  uniform integer is created. Then it is then shifted left 8 bits.</para>

	  <para>
	    It uses the test file:
	    <filename>performance/ext/pb_ds/hash_zlob_random_int_find_timing.cc</filename>
	  </para>

	  <para>The test checks the effect of different range-hashing
	  functions and trigger policies.</para>


	</section>

	<section xml:id="hash.zlob_int_find.results">
	  <info><title>
	    Results
	  </title></info>

	  <para>The graphic below show the results for the native, collision-chaining, and general-probing hash types.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_hash_zlob_int_find.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_hash_zlob_int_find.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="5" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <colspec colname="c4"/>
	      <colspec colname="c5"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    n_hash_map_ncah
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>cache_hash_code</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <constant>false</constant>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    cc_hash_mod_prime_1div1_nsth_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mod_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/1
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    cc_hash_mask_exp_1div1_nsth_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>
		      cc_hash_table
		    </classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/1
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    gp_hash_mod_quadp_prime_1div2_nsth_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
		    <classname>gp_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mod_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Probe_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>quadratic_probe_fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>


	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="hash.zlob_int_find.observations">
	  <info><title>
	    Observations
	  </title></info>

	  <para>In this setting, the distribution of keys is so skewed that
	  the underlying hash-table type affects performance marginally.
	  (This is in contrast with Hash-Based Text
	  <function>find</function> Find Timing Test, Hash-Based
	  Integer <function>find</function> Find Timing Test, Hash-Based
	  Integer Subscript Find Timing Test and Hash-Based
	  Integer Subscript Insert Timing Test.)</para>

	  <para>The range-hashing scheme affects performance dramatically. A
	  mask-based range-hashing scheme effectively maps all values
	  into the same bucket. Access degenerates into a search within
	  an unordered linked-list. In the graphic above, it should be noted that
	  <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname> is hard-wired currently to mod-based and mask-based schemes,
	  respectively.</para>

	  <para>When observing the settings of this test, it is apparent
	  that the keys' distribution is far from natural. One might ask
	  if the test is not contrived to show that, in some cases,
	  mod-based range hashing does better than mask-based range
	  hashing. This is, in fact just the case. A
	  more natural case in which mod-based range hashing is better was not encountered.
	  Thus the inescapable conclusion: real-life key distributions are handled better
	  with an appropriate hash function and a mask-based
	  range-hashing function. (<filename>pb_ds/example/hash_shift_mask.cc</filename>
	  shows an example of handling this a-priori known skewed
	  distribution with a mask-based range-hashing function). If hash
	  performance is bad, a χ<superscript>2</superscript> test can be used
	  to check how to transform it into a more uniform
	  distribution.</para>
	  <para>For this reason, this library's default range-hashing
	  function is mask-based.</para>

	</section>

      </section>


      <!-- 06 <a href="hash_random_int_erase_mem_usage_test"> -->

      <!-- 06 <a href="hash_random_int_erase_mem_usage_test"> -->
      <section xml:id="performance.hash.erase_mem">
	<info><title>
	  Erase Memory Use
	</title></info>
	<para></para>

	<section xml:id="hash.erase_mem.info">
	  <info><title>
	    Description
	  </title></info>

	  <para>This test inserts a number of uniform integer keys
	  into a container, then erases all keys except one. It measures
	  the final size of the container.</para>

	  <para>
	    It uses the test file:
	    <filename>performance/ext/pb_ds/hash_random_int_erase_mem_usage.cc</filename>
	  </para>


	  <para>The test checks how containers adjust internally as their
	  logical size decreases.</para>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="hash.erase_mem.results">
	  <info><title>
	    Results
	  </title></info>

	  <para>The graphic below show the results for the native, collision-chaining, and general-probing hash types.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_hash_int_erase_mem.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_hash_int_erase_mem.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="5" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <colspec colname="c4"/>
	      <colspec colname="c5"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    n_hash_map_ncah
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>cache_hash_code</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <constant>false</constant>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    cc_hash_mod_prime_1div1_nsth_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mod_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/1
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    cc_hash_mask_exp_1div2_nsth_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>
		      cc_hash_table
		    </classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- hash 03 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
		    gp_hash_mask_linp_exp_1div2_nsth_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
		    <classname>gp_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Probe_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>linear_probe_fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>


	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="hash.erase_mem.observations">
	  <info><title>
	    Observations
	  </title></info>
	  <para>The standard's hash-based containers act very differently than trees in
	  this respect. When erasing numerous keys from an standard
	  associative-container, the resulting memory user varies greatly
	  depending on whether the container is tree-based or hash-based.
	  This is a fundamental consequence of the standard's interface for
	  associative containers, and it is not due to a specific
	  implementation.</para>
	</section>

      </section>
    </section>


    <section xml:id="performance.branch">
      <info><title>Branch-Based</title></info>
      <para></para>

      <!-- 01 <a href="tree_text_insert_timing_test"> -->
      <section xml:id="performance.branch.text_insert">
	<info><title>
	  Text <function>insert</function>
	</title></info>
	<para></para>

	<section xml:id="branch.text_insert.info">
	  <info><title>
	    Description
	  </title></info>


	  <para>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an arbitrary
	  text ([ wickland96thirty ]) into a container
	  using <function>insert</function> . It measures the average time
	  for <function>insert</function> as a function of the number of
	  values inserted.</para>

	  <para>The test checks the effect of different underlying
	  data structures.</para>

	  <para>
	    It uses the test file:
	    <filename>performance/ext/pb_ds/tree_text_insert_timing.cc</filename>
	  </para>


	</section>

	<section xml:id="branch.text_insert.results">
	  <info><title>
	    Results
	  </title></info>

	  <para>The three graphics below show the results for the native
	  tree and this library's node-based trees, the native tree and
	  this library's vector-based trees, and the native tree
	  and this library's PATRICIA-trie, respectively.
	  </para>

	  <para>The graphic immediately below shows the results for the
	  native tree type and several node-based tree types.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_tree_text_insert_node.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_tree_text_insert_node.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>


	    <para>
	      The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	      instantiated with the types in the following table.
	    </para>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <informaltable frame="all">
	    <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::map</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c2" nameend="c3"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- branch 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    splay_tree_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>splay_tree_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>


		<!-- branch 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    rb_tree_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>



	  <para>The graphic below shows the results for the
	  native tree type and a vector-based tree type.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_tree_text_insert_vector.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_tree_text_insert_vector.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::map</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c2" nameend="c3"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- branch 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    ov_tree_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>ov_tree_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>


	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>




	  <para>The graphic below shows the results for the
	  native tree type and a PATRICIA trie type.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_tree_text_insert_trie.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_tree_text_insert_trie.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::map</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c2" nameend="c3"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- branch 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    pat_trie_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>pat_trie_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>


	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="branch.text_insert.observations">
	  <info><title>
	    Observations
	  </title></info>

	  <para>Observing the first graphic implies that for this setting, a splay tree
	  (<classname>tree</classname> with <classname>Tag
	  </classname> = <classname>splay_tree_tag</classname>) does not do
	  well. See also the Branch-Based
	  Text <function>find</function> Find Timing Test. The two
	  red-black trees perform better.</para>

	  <para>Observing the second graphic, an ordered-vector tree
	  (<classname>tree</classname> with <classname>Tag
	  </classname> = <classname>ov_tree_tag</classname>) performs
	  abysmally. Inserting into this type of tree has linear complexity
	  [ austern00noset].</para>

	  <para>Observing the third and last graphic, A PATRICIA trie
	  (<classname>trie</classname> with <classname>Tag
	  </classname> = <classname>pat_trie_tag</classname>) has abysmal
	  performance, as well. This is not that surprising, since a
	  large-fan-out PATRICIA trie works like a hash table with
	  collisions resolved by a sub-trie. Each time a collision is
	  encountered, a new "hash-table" is built A large fan-out PATRICIA
	  trie, however, doe does well in look-ups (see Branch-Based
	  Text <function>find</function> Find Timing Test). It may be
	  beneficial in semi-static settings.</para>
	</section>

      </section>


      <!-- 02 <a href="tree_text_find_find_timing_test"> -->
      <section xml:id="performance.branch.text_find">
	<info><title>
	  Text <function>find</function>
	</title></info>
	<para></para>

	<section xml:id="branch.text_find.info">
	  <info><title>
	    Description
	  </title></info>


	  <para>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
	  arbitrary text ([wickland96thirty]) into
	  a container, then performs a series of finds using
	  <function>find</function>. It measures the average time
	  for <function>find</function> as a function of the number of
	  values inserted.</para>

	  <para>
	    It uses the test file:
	    <filename>performance/ext/pb_ds/text_find_timing.cc</filename>
	  </para>


	  <para>The test checks the effect of different underlying
	  data structures.</para>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="branch.text_find.results">
	  <info><title>
	    Results
	  </title></info>

	  <para>The graphic immediately below shows the results for the
	  native tree type and several other tree types.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_tree_text_find.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_tree_text_find.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::map</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c2" nameend="c3"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- branch 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    splay_tree_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>splay_tree_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_Update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>


		<!-- branch 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    rb_tree_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_Update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>


		<!-- branch 03 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    ov_tree_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>ov_tree_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_Update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>


		<!-- branch 05 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    pat_trie_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>pat_trie_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_Update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="branch.text_find.observations">
	  <info><title>
	    Observations
	  </title></info>

	  <para>For this setting, a splay tree (<classname>tree</classname>
	  with <classname>Tag
	  </classname> = <classname>splay_tree_tag</classname>) does not do
	  well. This is possibly due to two reasons:</para>

	  <orderedlist>
	    <listitem><para>A splay tree is not guaranteed to be balanced [motwani95random]. If a
	    splay tree contains n nodes, its average root-leaf
	    path can be m &gt;&gt; log(n).</para></listitem>
	    <listitem><para>Assume a specific root-leaf search path has length
	    m, and the search-target node has distance m'
	    from the root. A red-black tree will require m + 1
	    comparisons to find the required node; a splay tree will
	    require 2 m' comparisons. A splay tree, consequently,
	    can perform many more comparisons than a red-black tree.</para></listitem>
	  </orderedlist>
	  <para>An ordered-vector tree (<classname>tree</classname>
	  with <classname>Tag</classname> =  <classname>ov_tree_tag</classname>), a red-black
	  tree (<classname>tree</classname>
	  with <classname>Tag</classname>  = <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>), and the
	  native red-black tree all share approximately the same
	  performance.</para>
	  <para>An ordered-vector tree is slightly slower than red-black
	  trees, since it requires, in order to find a key, more math
	  operations than they do. Conversely, an ordered-vector tree
	  requires far lower space than the others. ([austern00noset], however,
	  seems to have an implementation that is also faster than a
	  red-black tree).</para>
	  <para>A PATRICIA trie (<classname>trie</classname>
	  with <classname>Tag</classname> = <classname>pat_trie_tag</classname>) has good
	  look-up performance, due to its large fan-out in this case. In
	  this setting, a PATRICIA trie has look-up performance comparable
	  to a hash table (see Hash-Based Text
	  <classname>find</classname> Timing Test), but it is order
	  preserving. This is not that surprising, since a large-fan-out
	  PATRICIA trie works like a hash table with collisions resolved
	  by a sub-trie. A large-fan-out PATRICIA trie does not do well on
	  modifications (see Tree-Based and Trie-Based
	  Text Insert Timing Test). Therefore, it is possibly beneficial in
	  semi-static settings.</para>
	</section>
      </section>


      <!-- 03 <a href="tree_text_lor_find_find_timing_test"> -->
      <section xml:id="performance.branch.text_lor_find">

	<info><title>
	  Text <function>find</function> with Locality-of-Reference
	</title></info>
	<para></para>

	<section xml:id="branch.text_lor_find.info">
	  <info><title>
	    Description
	  </title></info>



	  <para>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
	  arbitrary text ([ wickland96thirty ]) into
	  a container, then performs a series of finds using
	  <function>find</function>. It is different than Tree-Based and
	  Trie-Based Text <function>find</function> Find Timing Test in the
	  sequence of finds it performs: this test performs multiple
	  <function>find</function>s on the same key before moving on to the next
	  key. It measures the average time for <function>find</function> as a
	  function of the number of values inserted.</para>


	  <para>
	    It uses the test file:
	    <filename>performance/ext/pb_ds/tree_text_lor_find_timing.cc</filename>
	  </para>

	  <para>The test checks the effect of different underlying
	  data structures in a locality-of-reference setting.</para>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="branch.text_lor_find.results">
	  <info><title>
	    Results
	  </title></info>

	  <para>The graphic immediately below shows the results for the
	  native tree type and several other tree types.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_tree_text_lor_find.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_tree_text_lor_find.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::map</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c2" nameend="c3"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- branch 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    splay_tree_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>splay_tree_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_Update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>


		<!-- branch 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    rb_tree_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_Update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>


		<!-- branch 03 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    ov_tree_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>ov_tree_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_Update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>


		<!-- branch 05 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    pat_trie_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>pat_trie_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_Update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="branch.text_lor_find.observations">
	  <info><title>
	    Observations
	  </title></info>

	  <para>For this setting, an ordered-vector tree
	  (<classname>tree</classname> with <classname>Tag</classname>
	  = <classname>ov_tree_tag</classname>), a red-black tree
	  (<classname>tree</classname> with <classname>Tag</classname>
	  = <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>), and the native red-black
	  tree all share approximately the same performance.</para>
	  <para>A splay tree (<classname>tree</classname>
	  with <classname>Tag</classname> = <classname>splay_tree_tag</classname>) does
	  much better, since each (successful) find "bubbles" the
	  corresponding node to the root of the tree.</para>

	</section>
      </section>

      <!-- 04 <a href="tree_split_join_timing_test"> -->
      <section xml:id="performance.branch.split_join">

	<info><title>
	  <function>split</function> and <function>join</function>
	</title></info>
	<para></para>

	<section xml:id="branch.split_join.info">
	  <info><title>
	    Description
	  </title></info>


	  <para>This test a container, inserts into a number of values, splits
	  the container at the median, and joins the two containers. (If the
	  containers are one of this library's trees,
	  it splits and joins with the <function>split</function> and
	  <function>join</function> method; otherwise, it uses the <function>erase</function> and
	  <function>insert</function> methods.) It measures the time for splitting
	  and joining the containers as a function of the number of
	  values inserted.</para>

	  <para>
	    It uses the test file:
	    <filename>performance/ext/pb_ds/tree_split_join_timing.cc</filename>
	  </para>


	  <para>The test checks the performance difference of <function>join</function>
	  as opposed to a sequence of <function>insert</function> operations; by
	  implication, this test checks the most efficient way to erase a
	  sub-sequence from a tree-like-based container, since this can
	  always be performed by a small sequence of splits and joins.
	  </para>
	</section>

	<section xml:id="branch.split_join.results">
	  <info><title>
	    Results
	  </title></info>

	  <para>The graphic immediately below shows the results for the
	  native tree type and several other tree types.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_tree_split_join.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_tree_split_join.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::set</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c2" nameend="c3"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- branch 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    splay_tree_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>splay_tree_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_Update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>


		<!-- branch 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    rb_tree_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_Update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>


		<!-- branch 03 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    ov_tree_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>ov_tree_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_Update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>


		<!-- branch 05 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    pat_trie_map
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>pat_trie_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_Update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="branch.split_join.observations">
	  <info><title>
	    Observations
	  </title></info>

	  <para>In this test, the native red-black trees must be split and
	  joined externally, through a sequence of <function>erase</function> and
	  <function>insert</function> operations. This is clearly
	  super-linear, and it is not that surprising that the cost is
	  high.</para>
	  <para>This library's tree-based containers use in this test the
	  <function>split</function> and <function>join</function> methods,
	  which have lower complexity: the <function>join</function> method
	  of a splay tree (<classname>tree</classname>
	  with <classname>Tag </classname>
	  = <classname>splay_tree_tag</classname>) is quadratic in the
	  length of the longest root-leaf path, and linear in the total
	  number of elements; the <function>join</function> method of a
	  red-black tree (<classname>tree</classname>
	  with <classname>Tag </classname>
	  = <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>) or an ordered-vector tree
	  (<classname>tree</classname> with <classname>Tag </classname>
	  = <classname>ov_tree_tag</classname>) is linear in the number of
	  elements.</para>

	  <para>Asides from orders of growth, this library's trees access their
	  allocator very little in these operations, and some of them do not
	  access it at all. This leads to lower constants in their
	  complexity, and, for some containers, to exception-free splits and
	  joins (which can be determined
	  via <classname>container_traits</classname>).</para>

	  <para>It is important to note that <function>split</function> and
	  <function>join</function> are not esoteric methods - they are the most
	  efficient means of erasing a contiguous range of values from a
	  tree based container.</para>
	</section>
      </section>

      <!-- 05 <a href="tree_order_statistics_timing_test"> -->
      <section xml:id="performance.branch.order_statistics">

	<info><title>
	  Order-Statistics
	</title></info>
	<para></para>

	<section xml:id="branch.order_statistics.info">
	  <info><title>
	    Description
	  </title></info>

	  <para>This test creates a container, inserts random integers into the
	  the container, and then checks the order-statistics of the
	  container's values. (If the container is one of this
	  library's trees, it does this with
	  the <function>order_of_key</function> method of
	  <classname>tree_order_statistics_node_update</classname>
	  ; otherwise, it uses the <function>find</function> method and
	  <function>std::distance</function>.) It measures the average
	  time for such queries as a function of the number of values
	  inserted.</para>

	  <para>
	    It uses the test file:
	    <filename>performance/ext/pb_ds/tree_order_statistics_timing.cc</filename>
	  </para>

	  <para>The test checks the performance difference of policies based
	  on node-invariant as opposed to a external functions.</para>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="branch.order_statistics.results">
	  <info><title>
	    Results
	  </title></info>

	  <para>The graphic immediately below shows the results for the
	  native tree type and several other tree types.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_tree_order_statistics.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_tree_order_statistics.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::set</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c2" nameend="c3"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- branch 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    splay_tree_ost_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>splay_tree_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_Update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>tree_order_statistics_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>


		<!-- branch 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    rb_tree_ost_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_Update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>tree_order_statistics_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>


	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="branch.order_statistics.observations">
	  <info><title>
	    Observations
	  </title></info>
	  <para>In this test, the native red-black tree can support
	  order-statistics queries only externally, by performing a
	  <classname>find</classname> (alternatively, <classname>lower_bound</classname> or
	  <classname>upper_bound</classname> ) and then using <classname>std::distance</classname> .
	  This is clearly linear, and it is not that surprising that the
	  cost is high.</para>
	  <para>This library's tree-based containers use in this test the
	  <classname>order_of_key</classname> method of <classname>tree_order_statistics_node_update</classname>.
	  This method has only linear complexity in the length of the
	  root-node path. Unfortunately, the average path of a splay tree
	  (<classname>tree</classname>
	  with <classname>Tag =</classname> <classname>splay_tree_tag</classname> ) can
	  be higher than logarithmic; the longest path of a red-black
	  tree (<classname>tree</classname>
	  with <classname>Tag =</classname> <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname> ) is
	  logarithmic in the number of elements. Consequently, the splay
	  tree has worse performance than the red-black tree.</para>
	</section>
      </section>

    </section> <!-- branch -->

    <section xml:id="performance.multimap">
      <info><title>Multimap</title></info>
      <para></para>


      <!-- 01 <a href="multimap_text_find_timing_test_small"> -->
      <section xml:id="performance.multimap.text_find_small">
	<info><title>
	  Text <function>find</function> with Small Secondary-to-Primary Key Ratios 
	</title></info>
	<para></para>

	<section xml:id="multimap.text_find_small.info">
	  <info><title>
	    Description
	  </title></info>

	  <para>This test inserts a number of pairs into a container. The
	  first item of each pair is a string from an arbitrary text
	  [wickland96thirty], and
	  the second is a uniform i.i.d.integer. The container is a
	  "multimap" - it considers the first member of each pair as a
	  primary key, and the second member of each pair as a secondary
	  key (see Motivation::Associative
	  Containers::Alternative to Multiple Equivalent Keys). There
	  are 400 distinct primary keys, and the ratio of secondary keys
	  to primary keys ranges from 1 to 5.</para>
	  <para>The test measures the average find-time as a function of the
	  number of values inserted. For this library's containers, it
	  finds the secondary key from a container obtained from finding
	  a primary key. For the native multimaps, it searches a range
	  obtained using <classname>std::equal_range</classname> on a primary key.</para>

	  <para>
	    It uses the test file:
	    <filename>performance/ext/pb_ds/multimap_text_find_timing_small.cc</filename>
	  </para>

	  <para>The test checks the find-time scalability of different
	  "multimap" designs.</para>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="multimap.text_find_small.results">
	  <info><title>
	    Results
	  </title></info>

	  <para>The graphic below show the results for "multimaps" which
	  use a tree-based container for primary keys.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_find_small_s2p_tree.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="33"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_find_small_s2p_tree.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="7" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <colspec colname="c4"/>
	      <colspec colname="c5"/>
	      <colspec colname="c6"/>
	      <colspec colname="c7"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    n_mmap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::multimap</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c2" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- multimap 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_Update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>
		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Mapped</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>list_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Update_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>lu_move_to_front_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- multimap 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_1div2_nsth_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="4" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_Update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>Mapped</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>


	  <para>The graphic below show the results for "multimaps" which
	  use a hash-based container for primary keys.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_find_small_s2p_hash.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="33"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_find_small_s2p_hash.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>

	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="7" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <colspec colname="c4"/>
	      <colspec colname="c5"/>
	      <colspec colname="c6"/>
	      <colspec colname="c7"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    n_hash_mmap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::tr1::unordered_multimap</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c2" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- multimap 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
		    <classname>
		      cc_hash_table
		    </classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>
		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Mapped</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>list_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Update_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>lu_move_to_front_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- multimap 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_1div2_nsth_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="5" valign="top">
		    <classname>
		      cc_hash_table
		    </classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>
		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>Mapped</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="multimap.text_find_small.observations">
	  <info><title>
	    Observations
	  </title></info>

	  <para>See Observations::Mapping-Semantics
	  Considerations.</para>

	</section>

      </section>

      <!-- 02 <a href="multimap_text_find_timing_test_large"> -->
      <section xml:id="performance.multimap.text_find_large">
	<info><title>
	  Text <function>find</function> with Large Secondary-to-Primary Key Ratios 
	</title></info>
	<para></para>

	<section xml:id="multimap.text_find_large.info">
	  <info><title>
	    Description
	  </title></info>

	  <para>This test inserts a number of pairs into a container. The
	  first item of each pair is a string from an arbitrary text
	  [wickland96thirty], and
	  the second is a uniform integer. The container is a
	  "multimap" - it considers the first member of each pair as a
	  primary key, and the second member of each pair as a secondary
	  key. There
	  are 400 distinct primary keys, and the ratio of secondary keys
	  to primary keys ranges from 1 to 5.</para>
	  <para>The test measures the average find-time as a function of the
	  number of values inserted. For this library's containers, it
	  finds the secondary key from a container obtained from finding
	  a primary key. For the native multimaps, it searches a range
	  obtained using <classname>std::equal_range</classname> on a primary key.</para>

	  <para>
	    It uses the test file:
	    <filename>performance/ext/pb_ds/multimap_text_find_timing_large.cc</filename>
	  </para>

	  <para>The test checks the find-time scalability of different
	  "multimap" designs.</para>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="multimap.text_find_large.results">
	  <info><title>
	    Results
	  </title></info>

	  <para>The graphic below show the results for "multimaps" which
	  use a tree-based container for primary keys.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_find_large_s2p_tree.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="33"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_find_large_s2p_tree.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="7" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <colspec colname="c4"/>
	      <colspec colname="c5"/>
	      <colspec colname="c6"/>
	      <colspec colname="c7"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    n_mmap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::multimap</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c2" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- multimap 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_Update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>
		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Mapped</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>list_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Update_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>lu_move_to_front_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- multimap 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_1div2_nsth_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="4" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_Update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>Mapped</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>


	  <para>The graphic below show the results for "multimaps" which
	  use a hash-based container for primary keys.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_find_large_s2p_hash.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="33"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_find_large_s2p_hash.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>

	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="7" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <colspec colname="c4"/>
	      <colspec colname="c5"/>
	      <colspec colname="c6"/>
	      <colspec colname="c7"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    n_hash_mmap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::tr1::unordered_multimap</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c2" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- multimap 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
		    <classname>
		      cc_hash_table
		    </classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>
		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Mapped</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>list_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Update_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>lu_move_to_front_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- multimap 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_1div2_nsth_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="5" valign="top">
		    <classname>
		      cc_hash_table
		    </classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>
		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>Mapped</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="multimap.text_find_large.observations">
	  <info><title>
	    Observations
	  </title></info>

	  <para>See Observations::Mapping-Semantics
	  Considerations.</para>

	</section>

      </section>


      <!-- 03 <a href="multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small"> -->
      <section xml:id="performance.multimap.text_insert_small">
	<info><title>
	  Text <function>insert</function> with Small
	  Secondary-to-Primary Key Ratios
	</title></info>
	<para></para>

	<section xml:id="multimap.text_insert_small.info">
	  <info><title>
	    Description
	  </title></info>

	  <para>This test inserts a number of pairs into a container. The
	  first item of each pair is a string from an arbitrary text
	  [wickland96thirty], and
	  the second is a uniform integer. The container is a
	  "multimap" - it considers the first member of each pair as a
	  primary key, and the second member of each pair as a secondary
	  key. There
	  are 400 distinct primary keys, and the ratio of secondary keys
	  to primary keys ranges from 1 to 5.</para>
	  <para>The test measures the average insert-time as a function of
	  the number of values inserted. For this library's containers,
	  it inserts a primary key into the primary associative
	  container, then a secondary key into the secondary associative
	  container. For the native multimaps, it obtains a range using
	  <classname>std::equal_range</classname>, and inserts a value only if it was
	  not contained already.</para>

	  <para>
	    It uses the test file:
	    <filename>performance/ext/pb_ds/multimap_text_insert_timing_small.cc</filename>
	  </para>

	  <para>The test checks the insert-time scalability of different
	  "multimap" designs.</para>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="multimap.text_insert_small.results">
	  <info><title>
	    Results
	  </title></info>

	  <para>The graphic below show the results for "multimaps" which
	  use a tree-based container for primary keys.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_insert_small_s2p_tree.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="33"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_insert_small_s2p_tree.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="7" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <colspec colname="c4"/>
	      <colspec colname="c5"/>
	      <colspec colname="c6"/>
	      <colspec colname="c7"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    n_mmap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::multimap</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c2" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- multimap 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_Update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>
		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Mapped</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>list_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Update_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>lu_move_to_front_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- multimap 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_1div2_nsth_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="4" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_Update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>Mapped</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>


	  <para>The graphic below show the results for "multimaps" which
	  use a hash-based container for primary keys.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_find_small_s2p_hash.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="33"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_find_small_s2p_hash.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>

	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="7" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <colspec colname="c4"/>
	      <colspec colname="c5"/>
	      <colspec colname="c6"/>
	      <colspec colname="c7"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    n_hash_mmap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::tr1::unordered_multimap</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c2" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- multimap 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
		    <classname>
		      cc_hash_table
		    </classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>
		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Mapped</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>list_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Update_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>lu_move_to_front_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- multimap 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_1div2_nsth_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="5" valign="top">
		    <classname>
		      cc_hash_table
		    </classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>
		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>Mapped</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="multimap.text_insert_small.observations">
	  <info><title>
	    Observations
	  </title></info>

	  <para>See Observations::Mapping-Semantics
	  Considerations.</para>

	</section>

      </section>


      <!-- 04 <a href="multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large"> -->
      <section xml:id="performance.multimap.text_insert_large">
	<info><title>
	  Text <function>insert</function> with Small
	  Secondary-to-Primary Key Ratios
	</title></info>
	<para></para>

	<section xml:id="multimap.text_insert_large.info">
	  <info><title>
	    Description
	  </title></info>

	  <para>This test inserts a number of pairs into a container. The
	  first item of each pair is a string from an arbitrary text
	  [wickland96thirty], and
	  the second is a uniform integer. The container is a
	  "multimap" - it considers the first member of each pair as a
	  primary key, and the second member of each pair as a secondary
	  key. There
	  are 400 distinct primary keys, and the ratio of secondary keys
	  to primary keys ranges from 1 to 5.</para>
	  <para>The test measures the average insert-time as a function of
	  the number of values inserted. For this library's containers,
	  it inserts a primary key into the primary associative
	  container, then a secondary key into the secondary associative
	  container. For the native multimaps, it obtains a range using
	  <classname>std::equal_range</classname>, and inserts a value only if it was
	  not contained already.</para>

	  <para>
	    It uses the test file:
	    <filename>performance/ext/pb_ds/multimap_text_insert_timing_large.cc</filename>
	  </para>

	  <para>The test checks the insert-time scalability of different
	  "multimap" designs.</para>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="multimap.text_insert_large.results">
	  <info><title>
	    Results
	  </title></info>

	  <para>The graphic below show the results for "multimaps" which
	  use a tree-based container for primary keys.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_insert_large_s2p_tree.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="33"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_insert_large_s2p_tree.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="7" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <colspec colname="c4"/>
	      <colspec colname="c5"/>
	      <colspec colname="c6"/>
	      <colspec colname="c7"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    n_mmap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::multimap</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c2" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- multimap 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_Update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>
		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Mapped</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>list_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Update_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>lu_move_to_front_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- multimap 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_1div2_nsth_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="4" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_Update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>Mapped</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>


	  <para>The graphic below show the results for "multimaps" which
	  use a hash-based container for primary keys.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_find_large_s2p_hash.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="33"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_find_large_s2p_hash.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>

	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="7" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <colspec colname="c4"/>
	      <colspec colname="c5"/>
	      <colspec colname="c6"/>
	      <colspec colname="c7"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    n_hash_mmap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::tr1::unordered_multimap</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c2" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- multimap 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
		    <classname>
		      cc_hash_table
		    </classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>
		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Mapped</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>list_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Update_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>lu_move_to_front_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- multimap 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_1div2_nsth_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="5" valign="top">
		    <classname>
		      cc_hash_table
		    </classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>
		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>Mapped</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="multimap.text_insert_large.observations">
	  <info><title>
	    Observations
	  </title></info>

	  <para>See Observations::Mapping-Semantics
	  Considerations.</para>

	</section>

      </section>


      <!-- 05 <a href="multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small"> -->
      <section xml:id="performance.multimap.text_insert_mem_small">
	<info><title>
	  Text <function>insert</function> with Small
	  Secondary-to-Primary Key Ratios Memory Use
	</title></info>
	<para></para>

	<section xml:id="multimap.text_insert_mem_small.info">
	  <info><title>
	    Description
	  </title></info>
	  <para>This test inserts a number of pairs into a container. The
	  first item of each pair is a string from an arbitrary text
	  [wickland96thirty], and
	  the second is a uniform integer. The container is a
	  "multimap" - it considers the first member of each pair as a
	  primary key, and the second member of each pair as a secondary
	  key. There
	  are 100 distinct primary keys, and the ratio of secondary keys
	  to primary keys ranges to about 20.</para>
	  <para>The test measures the memory use as a function of the number
	  of values inserted.</para>

	  <para>
	    It uses the test file:
	    <filename>performance/ext/pb_ds/multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_small.cc</filename>
	  </para>

	  <para>The test checks the memory scalability of different
	  "multimap" designs.</para>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="multimap.text_insert_mem_small.results">
	  <info><title>
	    Results
	  </title></info>

	  <para>The graphic below show the results for "multimaps" which
	  use a tree-based container for primary keys.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_insert_mem_small_s2p_tree.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="33"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_insert_mem_small_s2p_tree.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="7" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <colspec colname="c4"/>
	      <colspec colname="c5"/>
	      <colspec colname="c6"/>
	      <colspec colname="c7"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    n_mmap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::multimap</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c2" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- multimap 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_Update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>
		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Mapped</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>list_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Update_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>lu_move_to_front_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- multimap 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_1div2_nsth_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="4" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_Update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>Mapped</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>


	  <para>The graphic below show the results for "multimaps" which
	  use a hash-based container for primary keys.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_find_large_s2p_hash.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="33"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_find_large_s2p_hash.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>

	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="7" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <colspec colname="c4"/>
	      <colspec colname="c5"/>
	      <colspec colname="c6"/>
	      <colspec colname="c7"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    n_hash_mmap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::tr1::unordered_multimap</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c2" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- multimap 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
		    <classname>
		      cc_hash_table
		    </classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>
		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Mapped</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>list_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Update_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>lu_move_to_front_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- multimap 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_1div2_nsth_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="5" valign="top">
		    <classname>
		      cc_hash_table
		    </classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>
		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>Mapped</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="multimap.text_insert_mem_small.observations">
	  <info><title>
	    Observations
	  </title></info>

	  <para>See Observations::Mapping-Semantics
	  Considerations.</para>

	</section>

      </section>

      <!-- 06 <a href="multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large"> -->
      <section xml:id="performance.multimap.text_insert_mem_large">
	<info><title>
	  Text <function>insert</function> with Small
	  Secondary-to-Primary Key Ratios Memory Use
	</title></info>
	<para></para>

	<section xml:id="multimap.text_insert_mem_large.info">
	  <info><title>
	    Description
	  </title></info>
	  <para>This test inserts a number of pairs into a container. The
	  first item of each pair is a string from an arbitrary text
	  [wickland96thirty], and
	  the second is a uniform integer. The container is a
	  "multimap" - it considers the first member of each pair as a
	  primary key, and the second member of each pair as a secondary
	  key. There
	  are 100 distinct primary keys, and the ratio of secondary keys
	  to primary keys ranges to about 20.</para>
	  <para>The test measures the memory use as a function of the number
	  of values inserted.</para>

	  <para>
	    It uses the test file:
	    <filename>performance/ext/pb_ds/multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_large.cc</filename>
	  </para>

	  <para>The test checks the memory scalability of different
	  "multimap" designs.</para>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="multimap.text_insert_mem_large.results">
	  <info><title>
	    Results
	  </title></info>

	  <para>The graphic below show the results for "multimaps" which
	  use a tree-based container for primary keys.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_insert_mem_large_s2p_tree.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="33"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_insert_mem_large_s2p_tree.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="7" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <colspec colname="c4"/>
	      <colspec colname="c5"/>
	      <colspec colname="c6"/>
	      <colspec colname="c7"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    n_mmap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::multimap</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c2" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- multimap 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_Update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>
		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Mapped</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>list_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Update_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>lu_move_to_front_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- multimap 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_1div2_nsth_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="4" valign="top">
		    <classname>tree</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Node_Update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>null_node_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>Mapped</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>


	  <para>The graphic below show the results for "multimaps" which
	  use a hash-based container for primary keys.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_find_large_s2p_hash.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="33"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_find_large_s2p_hash.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>

	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="7" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <colspec colname="c4"/>
	      <colspec colname="c5"/>
	      <colspec colname="c6"/>
	      <colspec colname="c7"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    n_hash_mmap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::tr1::unordered_multimap</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c2" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- multimap 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
		    <classname>
		      cc_hash_table
		    </classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>
		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Mapped</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>list_update</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Update_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>lu_move_to_front_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<!-- multimap 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
		    rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_1div2_nsth_set
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="5" valign="top">
		    <classname>
		      cc_hash_table
		    </classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>
		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>Mapped</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
		    <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
		    <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry valign="top">
		    <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
		    α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="multimap.text_insert_mem_large.observations">
	  <info><title>
	    Observations
	  </title></info>

	  <para>See Observations::Mapping-Semantics
	  Considerations.</para>

	</section>

      </section>

    </section> <!-- multimap -->

    <section xml:id="performance.priority_queue">
      <info><title>Priority Queue</title></info>

      <!-- 01 <a href="priority_queue_text_push_timing_test"> -->
      <section xml:id="performance.priority_queue.text_push">
	<info><title>
	  Text <function>push</function>
	</title></info>
	<para></para>

	<section xml:id="priority_queue.text_push.info">
	  <info><title>
	    Description
	  </title></info>


	  <para>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
	  arbitrary text ([ wickland96thirty ]) into
	  a container using <function>push</function>. It measures the average time
	  for <function>push</function> as a function of the number of values
	  pushed.</para>

	  <para>
	    It uses the test file:
	    <filename>performance/ext/pb_ds/priority_queue_text_push_timing.cc</filename>
	  </para>

	  <para>The test checks the effect of different underlying data
	  structures.
	  </para>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="priority_queue.text_push.results">
	  <info><title>
	    Results
	  </title></info>

	  <para>The two graphics below show the results for the native
	  priority_queues and this library's priority_queues.
	  </para>

	  <para>The graphic immediately below shows the results for the
	  native priority_queue type instantiated with different underlying
	  container types versus several different versions of library's
	  priority_queues.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_priority_queue_text_push.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_priority_queue_text_push.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_pq_vector
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Sequence</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::vector</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- native 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_pq_deque
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Sequence</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::deque</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    binary_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>binary_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    binomial_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>binomial_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 03 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    rc_binomial_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>rc_binomial_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 04 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    thin_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>


		<!-- priority_queue 05 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    pairing_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>



	  <para>The graphic below shows the results for the binary-heap
	  based native priority queues and this library's pairing-heap
	  priority_queue data structures.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_pairing_priority_queue_text_push.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_pairing_priority_queue_text_push.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>
		<!-- native 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_pq_vector
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Sequence</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::vector</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- native 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_pq_deque
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Sequence</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::deque</classname>
		  </entry>

		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    thin_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>


		<!-- priority_queue 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    pairing_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>


	</section>

	<section xml:id="priority_queue.text_push.observations">
	  <info><title>
	    Observations
	  </title></info>

	  <para>Pairing heaps (<classname>priority_queue</classname> with
	  <classname>Tag</classname> = <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>)
	  are the most suited for sequences of <function>push</function> and
	  <function>pop</function> operations of non-primitive types (e.g.
	  <classname>std::string</classname>s). (See Priority Queue
	  Text <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function> Timing Test.) They are
	  less constrained than binomial heaps, e.g., and since
	  they are node-based, they outperform binary heaps. (See
	  Priority
	  Queue Random Integer <function>push</function> Timing Test for the case
	  of primitive types.)</para>

	  <para>The standard's priority queues do not seem to perform well in
	  this case: the <classname>std::vector</classname> implementation needs to
	  perform a logarithmic sequence of string operations for each
	  operation, and the deque implementation is possibly hampered by
	  its need to manipulate a relatively-complex type (deques
	  support a O(1) <function>push_front</function>, even though it is
	  not used by <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>.)</para>

	</section>
      </section>

      <!-- 02 <a href="priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test"> -->
      <section xml:id="performance.priority_queue.text_push_pop">
	<info><title>
	  Text <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function>
	</title></info>
	<para></para>

	<section xml:id="priority_queue.text_push_pop.info">
	  <info><title>
	    Description
	  </title></info>

	  <para>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
	  arbitrary text ([ wickland96thirty ]) into
	  a container using <classname>push</classname> , then removes them using
	  <classname>pop</classname> . It measures the average time for <classname>push</classname>
	  as a function of the number of values.</para>


	  <para>
	    It uses the test file:
	    <filename>performance/ext/pb_ds/priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing.cc</filename>
	  </para>

	  <para>The test checks the effect of different underlying data
	  structures.
	  </para>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="priority_queue.text_push_pop.results">
	  <info><title>
	    Results
	  </title></info>

	  <para>The two graphics below show the results for the native
	  priority_queues and this library's priority_queues.
	  </para>

	  <para>The graphic immediately below shows the results for the
	  native priority_queue type instantiated with different underlying
	  container types versus several different versions of library's
	  priority_queues.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_priority_queue_text_push_pop.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_priority_queue_text_push_pop.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_pq_vector
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Sequence</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::vector</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- native 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_pq_deque
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Sequence</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::deque</classname>
		  </entry>

		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    binary_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>binary_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    binomial_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>binomial_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 03 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    rc_binomial_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>rc_binomial_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 04 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    thin_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 05 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    pairing_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>



	  <para>The graphic below shows the results for the native priority
	  queues and this library's pairing-heap priority_queue data
	  structures.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_pairing_priority_queue_text_push_pop.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_pairing_priority_queue_text_push_pop.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_pq_vector
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::priority_queue</classname> adapting <classname>std::vector</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Sequence</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::vector</classname>
		  </entry>

		</row>

		<!-- native 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_pq_deque
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Sequence</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::deque</classname>
		  </entry>

		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    pairing_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>


	</section>

	<section xml:id="priority_queue.text_push_pop.observations">
	  <info><title>
	    Observations
	  </title></info>

	  <para>These results are very similar to Priority Queue Text
	  <function>push</function> Timing Test. As stated there, pairing heaps
	  (<classname>priority_queue</classname> with
	  <classname>Tag</classname>
	  = <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>) are most suited
	  for <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function>
	  sequences of non-primitive types such as strings. Observing these
	  two tests, one can note that a pairing heap outperforms the others
	  in terms of <function>push</function> operations, but equals
	  binary heaps (<classname>priority_queue</classname> with
	  <classname>Tag</classname>
	  = <classname>binary_heap_tag</classname>) if the number
	  of <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function>
	  operations is equal. As the number of <function>pop</function>
	  operations is at most equal to the number
	  of <function>push</function> operations, pairing heaps are better
	  in this case. See Priority Queue Random
	  Integer <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function>
	  Timing Test for a case which is different.</para>

	</section>
      </section>


      <!-- 03 <a href="priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test"> -->
      <section xml:id="performance.priority_queue.int_push">
	<info><title>
	  Integer <function>push</function>
	</title></info>
	<para></para>

	<section xml:id="priority_queue.int_push.info">
	  <info><title>
	    Description
	  </title></info>

	  <para>This test inserts a number of values with integer keys
	  into a container using <function>push</function>. It
	  measures the average time for <function>push</function> as a
	  function of the number of values.</para>

	  <para>
	    It uses the test file:
	    <filename>performance/ext/pb_ds/priority_queue_random_int_push_timing.cc</filename>
	  </para>

	  <para>The test checks the effect of different underlying data
	  structures.
	  </para>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="priority_queue.int_push.results">
	  <info><title>
	    Results
	  </title></info>

	  <para>The two graphics below show the results for the native
	  priority_queues and this library's priority_queues.
	  </para>

	  <para>The graphic immediately below shows the results for the
	  native priority_queue type instantiated with different underlying
	  container types versus several different versions of library's
	  priority_queues.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_priority_queue_int_push.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_priority_queue_int_push.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_pq_vector
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Sequence</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::vector</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- native 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_pq_deque
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Sequence</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::deque</classname>
		  </entry>

		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    binary_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>binary_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    binomial_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>binomial_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 03 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    rc_binomial_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>rc_binomial_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 04 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    thin_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 05 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    pairing_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>



	  <para>The graphic below shows the results for the binary-heap
	  based native priority queues and this library's
	  priority_queue data structures.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_binary_priority_queue_int_push.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_binary_priority_queue_int_push.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_pq_vector
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::priority_queue</classname> adapting <classname>std::vector</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Sequence</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::vector</classname>
		  </entry>

		</row>

		<!-- native 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_pq_deque
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Sequence</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::deque</classname>
		  </entry>

		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    binary_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>binary_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>


	</section>

	<section xml:id="priority_queue.int_push.observations">
	  <info><title>
	    Observations
	  </title></info>


	  <para>Binary heaps are the most suited for sequences of
	  <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function> operations of primitive types
	  (e.g. <type>int</type>s). They are less constrained
	  than any other type, and since it is very efficient to store
	  such types in arrays, they outperform even pairing heaps. (See
	  Priority
	  Queue Text <function>push</function> Timing Test for the case of
	  non-primitive types.)</para>
	</section>
      </section>

      <!-- 04 "priority_queue_random_int_push_pop_timing_test" -->
      <section xml:id="performance.priority_queue.int_push_pop">
	<info><title>
	  Integer <function>push</function>
	</title></info>
	<para></para>

	<section xml:id="priority_queue.int_push_pop.info">
	  <info><title>
	    Description
	  </title></info>

	  <para>This test inserts a number of values with integer keys
	  into a container using <function>push</function> , then removes them
	  using <function>pop</function> . It measures the average time for
	  <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function> as a function
	  of the number of values.</para>

	  <para>
	    It uses the test file:
	    <filename>performance/ext/pb_ds/priority_queue_random_int_push_pop_timing.cc</filename>
	  </para>

	  <para>The test checks the effect of different underlying data
	  structures.
	  </para>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="priority_queue.int_push_pop.results">
	  <info><title>
	    Results
	  </title></info>

	  <para>The graphic immediately below shows the results for the
	  native priority_queue type instantiated with different underlying
	  container types versus several different versions of library's
	  priority_queues.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_priority_queue_int_push_pop.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_priority_queue_int_push_pop.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_pq_vector
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Sequence</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::vector</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- native 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_pq_deque
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Sequence</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::deque</classname>
		  </entry>

		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    binary_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>binary_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    binomial_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>binomial_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 03 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    rc_binomial_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>rc_binomial_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 04 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    thin_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 05 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    pairing_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>



	</section>

	<section xml:id="priority_queue.int_push_pop.observations">
	  <info><title>
	    Observations
	  </title></info>

	  <para>Binary heaps are the most suited for sequences of
	  <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function> operations of primitive types
	  (e.g. <type>int</type>s). This is explained in
	  Priority
	  Queue Random Int <function>push</function> Timing Test. (See Priority Queue
	  Text <function>push</function> Timing Test for the case of primitive
	  types.)</para>

	  <para>At first glance it seems that the standard's vector-based
	  priority queue is approximately on par with this
	  library's corresponding priority queue. There are two
	  differences however:</para>
	  <orderedlist>
	    <listitem><para>The standard's priority queue does not downsize the underlying
	    vector (or deque) as the priority queue becomes smaller
	    (see Priority Queue
	    Text <function>pop</function> Memory Use Test). It is therefore
	    gaining some speed at the expense of space.</para></listitem>
	    <listitem><para>From Priority Queue Random
	    Integer <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function>
	    Timing Test, it seems that the standard's priority queue is
	    slower in terms of <function>push</function> operations. Since
	    the number of
	    <function>pop</function> operations is at most that of <function>push</function>
	    operations, the test here is the "best" for the standard's
	    priority queue.</para></listitem>
	  </orderedlist>


	</section>
      </section>


      <!-- 05 <a href="priority_queue_text_pop_mem_usage_test"> -->
      <section xml:id="performance.priority_queue.text_pop">
	<info><title>
	  Text <function>pop</function> Memory Use
	</title></info>
	<para></para>

	<section xml:id="priority_queue.text_pop.info">
	  <info><title>
	    Description
	  </title></info>


	  <para>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
	  arbitrary text ([ wickland96thirty ]) into
	  a container, then pops them until only one is left in the
	  container. It measures the memory use as a function of the
	  number of values pushed to the container.</para>
	  <para>
	    It uses the test file:
	    <filename>performance/ext/pb_ds/priority_queue_text_pop_mem_usage.cc</filename>
	  </para>

	  <para>The test checks the effect of different underlying data
	  structures.
	  </para>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="priority_queue.text_pop.results">
	  <info><title>
	    Results
	  </title></info>

	  <para>The graphic immediately below shows the results for the
	  native priority_queue type instantiated with different underlying
	  container types versus several different versions of library's
	  priority_queues.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_priority_queue_text_pop_mem.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_priority_queue_text_pop_mem.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_pq_vector
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Sequence</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::vector</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- native 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_pq_deque
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Sequence</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::deque</classname>
		  </entry>

		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    binary_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>binary_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    binomial_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>binomial_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 03 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    rc_binomial_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>rc_binomial_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 04 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    thin_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 05 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    pairing_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>



	</section>

	<section xml:id="priority_queue.text_pop.observations">
	  <info><title>
	    Observations
	  </title></info>


	  <para>The priority queue implementations (excluding the standard's) use
	  memory proportionally to the number of values they hold:
	  node-based implementations (e.g., a pairing heap) do so
	  naturally; this library's binary heap de-allocates memory when
	  a certain lower threshold is exceeded.</para>

	  <para>Note from Priority Queue Text <function>push</function>
	  and <function>pop</function> Timing Test and Priority Queue
	  Random Integer <function>push</function>
	  and <function>pop</function> Timing Test that this does not
	  impede performance compared to the standard's priority
	  queues.</para>
	  <para>See Hash-Based Erase
	  Memory Use Test for a similar phenomenon regarding priority
	  queues.</para>
	</section>
      </section>

      <!-- 06 <a href="priority_queue_text_join_timing_test"> -->
      <section xml:id="performance.priority_queue.text_join">
	<info><title>
	  Text <function>join</function>
	</title></info>
	<para></para>

	<section xml:id="priority_queue.text_join.info">
	  <info><title>
	    Description
	  </title></info>

	  <para>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
	  arbitrary text ([ wickland96thirty ]) into
	  two containers, then merges the containers. It uses
	  <function>join</function> for this library's priority queues; for
	  the standard's priority queues, it successively pops values from
	  one container and pushes them into the other. The test measures
	  the average time as a function of the number of values.</para>
	  <para>
	    It uses the test file:
	    <filename>performance/ext/pb_ds/priority_queue_text_join_timing.cc</filename>
	  </para>

	  <para>The test checks the effect of different underlying data
	  structures.
	  </para>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="priority_queue.text_join.results">
	  <info><title>
	    Results
	  </title></info>

	  <para>The graphic immediately below shows the results for the
	  native priority_queue type instantiated with different underlying
	  container types versus several different versions of library's
	  priority_queues.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_priority_queue_text_join.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_priority_queue_text_join.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_pq_vector
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Sequence</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::vector</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- native 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_pq_deque
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Sequence</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::deque</classname>
		  </entry>

		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    binary_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>binary_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    binomial_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>binomial_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 03 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    rc_binomial_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>rc_binomial_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 04 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    thin_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 05 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    pairing_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>



	</section>

	<section xml:id="priority_queue.text_join.observations">
	  <info><title>
	    Observations
	  </title></info>

	  <para>In this test the node-based heaps perform <function>join</function> in
	  either logarithmic or constant time. The binary heap requires
	  linear time, since the well-known heapify algorithm [clrs2001] is linear.</para>
	  <para>It would be possible to apply the heapify algorithm to the
	  standard containers, if they would support iteration (which they
	  don't). Barring iterators, it is still somehow possible to perform
	  linear-time merge on a <classname>std::vector</classname>-based
	  standard priority queue, using <function>top()</function>
	  and <function>size()</function> (since they are enough to expose
	  the underlying array), but this is impossible for
	  a <classname>std::deque</classname>-based standard priority queue.
	  Without heapify, the cost is super-linear.</para>
	</section>
      </section>


      <!-- 07 <a href="priority_queue_text_push_timing_test"> -->
      <section xml:id="performance.priority_queue.text_modify_up">
	<info><title>
	  Text <function>modify</function> Up
	</title></info>
	<para></para>

	<section xml:id="priority_queue.text_modify_up.info">
	  <info><title>
	    Description
	  </title></info>

	  <para>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
	  arbitrary text ([ wickland96thirty ]) into
	  into a container then modifies each one "up" (i.e., it
	  makes it larger). It uses <function>modify</function> for this library's
	  priority queues; for the standard's priority queues, it pops values
	  from a container until it reaches the value that should be
	  modified, then pushes values back in. It measures the average
	  time for <function>modify</function> as a function of the number of
	  values.</para>

	  <para>
	    It uses the test file:
	    <filename>performance/ext/pb_ds/priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing.cc</filename>
	  </para>

	  <para>The test checks the effect of different underlying data
	  structures for graph algorithms settings.  Note that making an
	  arbitrary value larger (in the sense of the priority queue's
	  comparison functor) corresponds to decrease-key in standard graph
	  algorithms [clrs2001].
	  </para>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="priority_queue.text_modify_up.results">
	  <info><title>
	    Results
	  </title></info>

	  <para>The two graphics below show the results for the native
	  priority_queues and this library's priority_queues.
	  </para>

	  <para>The graphic immediately below shows the results for the
	  native priority_queue type instantiated with different underlying
	  container types versus several different versions of library's
	  priority_queues.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_priority_queue_text_modify_up.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_priority_queue_text_modify_up.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_pq_vector
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Sequence</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::vector</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- native 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_pq_deque
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Sequence</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::deque</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    binary_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>binary_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    binomial_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>binomial_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 03 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    rc_binomial_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>rc_binomial_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 04 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    thin_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>


		<!-- priority_queue 05 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    pairing_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>



	  <para>The graphic below shows the results for the
	  native priority queues and this library's pairing and thin heap
	  priority_queue data structures.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_pairing_priority_queue_text_modify_up_thin.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_pairing_priority_queue_text_modify_up_thin.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- priority_queue 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    thin_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>


		<!-- priority_queue 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    pairing_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>


	</section>

	<section xml:id="priority_queue.text_modify_up.observations">
	  <info><title>
	    Observations
	  </title></info>

	  <para>As noted above, increasing an arbitrary value (in the sense of
	  the priority queue's comparison functor) is very common in
	  graph-related algorithms. In this case, a thin heap
	  (<classname>priority_queue</classname> with
	  <classname>Tag</classname> = <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>)
	  outperforms a pairing heap (<classname>priority_queue</classname> with
	  <classname>Tag</classname> = <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>).
	  Conversely, Priority Queue Text
	  <function>push</function> Timing Test, Priority Queue
	  Text <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function> Timing Test, Priority
	  Queue Random Integer <function>push</function> Timing Test, and
	  Priority
	  Queue Random Integer <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function> Timing
	  Test show that the situation is reversed for other
	  operations. It is not clear when to prefer one of these two
	  different types.</para>

	  <para>In this test this library's binary heaps
	  effectively perform modify in linear time. As explained in
	  Priority Queue Design::Traits, given a valid point-type iterator,
	  a binary heap can perform
	  <function>modify</function> logarithmically. The problem is that binary
	  heaps invalidate their find iterators with each modifying
	  operation, and so the only way to obtain a valid point-type
	  iterator is to iterate using a range-type iterator until
	  finding the appropriate value, then use the range-type iterator
	  for the <function>modify</function> operation.</para>
	  <para>The explanation for the standard's priority queues' performance
	  is similar to that in Priority Queue Text
	  <function>join</function> Timing Test.</para>


	</section>
      </section>

      <!-- 08 <a href="priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test"> -->

      <section xml:id="performance.priority_queue.text_modify_down">
	<info><title>
	  Text <function>modify</function> Down
	</title></info>
	<para></para>

	<section xml:id="priority_queue.text_modify_down.info">
	  <info><title>
	    Description
	  </title></info>

	  <para>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
	  arbitrary text ([ wickland96thirty ]) into
	  into a container then modifies each one "down" (i.e., it
	  makes it smaller). It uses <function>modify</function> for this library's
	  priority queues; for the standard's priority queues, it pops values
	  from a container until it reaches the value that should be
	  modified, then pushes values back in. It measures the average
	  time for <function>modify</function> as a function of the number of
	  values.</para>

	  <para>
	    It uses the test file:
	    <filename>performance/ext/pb_ds/priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing.cc</filename>
	  </para>

	  <para>The main purpose of this test is to contrast Priority Queue
	  Text <classname>modify</classname> Up Timing Test.</para>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="priority_queue.text_modify_down.results">
	  <info><title>
	    Results
	  </title></info>

	  <para>The two graphics below show the results for the native
	  priority_queues and this library's priority_queues.
	  </para>

	  <para>The graphic immediately below shows the results for the
	  native priority_queue type instantiated with different underlying
	  container types versus several different versions of library's
	  priority_queues.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_priority_queue_text_modify_down.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_priority_queue_text_modify_down.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- native 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_pq_vector
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Sequence</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::vector</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- native 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    n_pq_deque
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Sequence</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::deque</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    binary_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>binary_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    binomial_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>binomial_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 03 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    rc_binomial_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>rc_binomial_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<!-- priority_queue 04 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    thin_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>


		<!-- priority_queue 05 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    pairing_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>



	  <para>The graphic below shows the results for the
	  native priority queues and this library's pairing and thin heap
	  priority_queue data structures.
	  </para>

	  <!-- results graphic -->
	  <informalfigure>
	    <mediaobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_pairing_priority_queue_text_modify_down_thin.pdf"/>
	      </imageobject>
	      <imageobject>
		<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
			   fileref="../images/pbds_pairing_priority_queue_text_modify_down_thin.png"/>
	      </imageobject>
	    </mediaobject>
	  </informalfigure>

	  <para>
	    The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
	    instantiated with the types in the following table.
	  </para>


	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<!-- priority_queue 01 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    thin_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>


		<!-- priority_queue 02 -->
		<row>
		  <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
		  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
		    pairing_heap
		  </entry>
		</row>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>Tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>
		  </entry>
		</row>

	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>
	  </informaltable>


	</section>

	<section xml:id="priority_queue.text_modify_down.observations">
	  <info><title>
	    Observations
	  </title></info>

	  <para>Most points in these results are similar to Priority Queue
	  Text <function>modify</function> Up Timing Test.</para>

	  <para>It is interesting to note, however, that as opposed to that
	  test, a thin heap (<classname>priority_queue</classname> with
	  <classname>Tag</classname> = <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>) is
	  outperformed by a pairing heap (<classname>priority_queue</classname> with
	  <classname>Tag</classname> = <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>).
	  In this case, both heaps essentially perform an <function>erase</function>
	  operation followed by a <function>push</function> operation. As the other
	  tests show, a pairing heap is usually far more efficient than a
	  thin heap, so this is not surprising.</para>
	  <para>Most algorithms that involve priority queues increase values
	  (in the sense of the priority queue's comparison functor), and
	  so Priority Queue
	  Text <classname>modify</classname> Up Timing Test - is more interesting
	  than this test.</para>
	</section>
      </section>


    </section> <!-- priority_queue -->

    <section xml:id="pbds.test.performance.observations">
      <info><title>Observations</title></info>

      <section xml:id="observations.associative">
	<info><title>Associative</title></info>

	<section xml:id="observations.associative.underlying">
	  <info><title>
	    Underlying Data-Structure Families
	  </title></info>

	  <para>In general, hash-based containers have better timing performance
	  than containers based on different underlying-data structures. The
	  main reason to choose a tree-based or trie-based container is if a
	  byproduct of the tree-like structure is required: either
	  order-preservation, or the ability to utilize node invariants. If
	  memory-use is the major factor, an ordered-vector tree gives
	  optimal results (albeit with high modificiation costs), and a
	  list-based container gives reasonable results.</para>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="observations.associative.hash">
	  <info><title>
	    Hash-Based Containers
	  </title></info>

	  <para>Hash-based containers are typically either collision
	  chaining or probing. Collision-chaining
	  containers are more flexible internally, and so offer better
	  timing performance. Probing containers, if used for simple
	  value-types, manage memory more efficiently (they perform far
	  fewer allocation-related calls). In general, therefore, a
	  collision-chaining table should be used. A probing container,
	  conversely, might be used efficiently for operations such as
	  eliminating duplicates in a sequence, or counting the number of
	  occurrences within a sequence. Probing containers might be more
	  useful also in multithreaded applications where each thread
	  manipulates a hash-based container: in the standard, allocators have
	  class-wise semantics (see [meyers96more] - Item 10); a
	  probing container might incur less contention in this case.</para>
	</section>

	<section xml:id="observations.associative.hash_policies">
	  <info><title>
	    Hash Policies
	  </title></info>

	  <para>In hash-based containers, the range-hashing scheme seems to
	  affect performance more than other considerations. In most
	  settings, a mask-based scheme works well (or can be made to
	  work well). If the key-distribution can be estimated a-priori,
	  a simple hash function can produce nearly uniform hash-value
	  distribution. In many other cases (e.g., text hashing,
	  floating-point hashing), the hash function is powerful enough
	  to generate hash values with good uniformity properties
	  [knuth98sorting];
	  a modulo-based scheme, taking into account all bits of the hash
	  value, appears to overlap the hash function in its effort.</para>
	  <para>The range-hashing scheme determines many of the other
	  policies. A mask-based scheme works
	  well with an exponential-size policy; for
	  probing-based containers, it goes well with a linear-probe
	  function.</para>
	  <para>An orthogonal consideration is the trigger policy. This
	  presents difficult tradeoffs. E.g., different load
	  factors in a load-check trigger policy yield a
	  space/amortized-cost tradeoff.</para>
	</section>

	<section xml:id="observations.associative.branch">
	  <info><title>
	    Branch-Based Containers
	  </title></info>
	  <para>In general, there are several families of tree-based
	  underlying data structures: balanced node-based trees
	  (e.g., red-black or AVL trees), high-probability
	  balanced node-based trees (e.g., random treaps or
	  skip-lists), competitive node-based trees (e.g., splay
	  trees), vector-based "trees", and tries. (Additionally, there
	  are disk-residing or network-residing trees, such as B-Trees
	  and their numerous variants. An interface for this would have
	  to deal with the execution model and ACID guarantees; this is
	  out of the scope of this library.) Following are some
	  observations on their application to different settings.</para>

	  <para>Of the balanced node-based trees, this library includes a
	  red-black tree, as does standard (in
	  practice). This type of tree is the "workhorse" of tree-based
	  containers: it offers both reasonable modification and
	  reasonable lookup time. Unfortunately, this data structure
	  stores a huge amount of metadata. Each node must contain,
	  besides a value, three pointers and a boolean. This type might
	  be avoided if space is at a premium [austern00noset].</para>
	  <para>High-probability balanced node-based trees suffer the
	  drawbacks of deterministic balanced trees. Although they are
	  fascinating data structures, preliminary tests with them showed
	  their performance was worse than red-black trees. The library
	  does not contain any such trees, therefore.</para>
	  <para>Competitive node-based trees have two drawbacks. They are
	  usually somewhat unbalanced, and they perform a large number of
	  comparisons. Balanced trees perform one comparison per each
	  node they encounter on a search path; a splay tree performs two
	  comparisons. If the keys are complex objects, e.g.,
	  <classname>std::string</classname>, this can increase the running time.
	  Conversely, such trees do well when there is much locality of
	  reference. It is difficult to determine in which case to prefer
	  such trees over balanced trees. This library includes a splay
	  tree.</para>
	  <para>Ordered-vector trees use very little space
	  [austern00noset].
	  They do not have any other advantages (at least in this
	  implementation).</para>
	  <para>Large-fan-out PATRICIA tries have excellent lookup
	  performance, but they do so through maintaining, for each node,
	  a miniature "hash-table". Their space efficiency is low, and
	  their modification performance is bad. These tries might be
	  used for semi-static settings, where order preservation is
	  important. Alternatively, red-black trees cross-referenced with
	  hash tables can be used. [okasaki98mereable]
	  discusses small-fan-out PATRICIA tries for integers, but the
	  cited results seem to indicate that the amortized cost of
	  maintaining such trees is higher than that of balanced trees.
	  Moderate-fan-out trees might be useful for sequences where each
	  element has a limited number of choices, e.g., DNA
	  strings.</para>
	</section>

	<section xml:id="observations.associative.mapping_semantics">
	  <info><title>
	    Mapping-Semantics
	  </title></info>
	  <para>Different mapping semantics were discussed in the introduction and design sections.Here
	  the focus will be on the case where a keys can be composed into
	  primary keys and secondary keys. (In the case where some keys
	  are completely identical, it is trivial that one should use an
	  associative container mapping values to size types.) In this
	  case there are (at least) five possibilities:</para>
	  <orderedlist>
	    <listitem><para>Use an associative container that allows equivalent-key
	    values (such as <classname>std::multimap</classname>)</para></listitem>
	    <listitem><para>Use a unique-key value associative container that maps
	    each primary key to some complex associative container of
	    secondary keys, say a tree-based or hash-based container.
	    </para></listitem>
	    <listitem><para>Use a unique-key value associative container that maps
	    each primary key to some simple associative container of
	    secondary keys, say a list-based container.</para></listitem>
	    <listitem><para>Use a unique-key value associative container that maps
	    each primary key to some non-associative container
	    (e.g., <classname>std::vector</classname>)</para></listitem>
	    <listitem><para>Use a unique-key value associative container that takes
	    into account both primary and secondary keys.</para></listitem>
	  </orderedlist>
	  <para>Stated simply: there is a simple answer for this. (Excluding
	  option 1, which should be avoided in all cases).</para>
	  <para>If the expected ratio of secondary keys to primary keys is
	  small, then 3 and 4 seem reasonable. Both types of secondary
	  containers are relatively lightweight (in terms of memory use
	  and construction time), and so creating an entire container
	  object for each primary key is not too expensive. Option 4
	  might be preferable to option 3 if changing the secondary key
	  of some primary key is frequent - one cannot modify an
	  associative container's key, and the only possibility,
	  therefore, is erasing the secondary key and inserting another
	  one instead; a non-associative container, conversely, can
	  support in-place modification. The actual cost of erasing a
	  secondary key and inserting another one depends also on the
	  allocator used for secondary associative-containers (The tests
	  above used the standard allocator, but in practice one might
	  choose to use, e.g., [boost_pool]). Option 2 is
	  definitely an overkill in this case. Option 1 loses out either
	  immediately (when there is one secondary key per primary key)
	  or almost immediately after that. Option 5 has the same
	  drawbacks as option 2, but it has the additional drawback that
	  finding all values whose primary key is equivalent to some key,
	  might be linear in the total number of values stored (for
	  example, if using a hash-based container).</para>
	  <para>If the expected ratio of secondary keys to primary keys is
	  large, then the answer is more complicated. It depends on the
	  distribution of secondary keys to primary keys, the
	  distribution of accesses according to primary keys, and the
	  types of operations most frequent.</para>
	  <para>To be more precise, assume there are m primary keys,
	  primary key i is mapped to n<subscript>i</subscript>
	  secondary keys, and each primary key is mapped, on average, to
	  n secondary keys (i.e.,
	  E(n<subscript>i</subscript>) = n).</para>
	  <para>Suppose one wants to find a specific pair of primary and
	  secondary keys. Using 1 with a tree based container
	  (<classname>std::multimap</classname>), the expected cost is
	  E(Θ(log(m) + n<subscript>i</subscript>)) = Θ(log(m) +
	  n); using 1 with a hash-based container
	  (<classname>std::tr1::unordered_multimap</classname>), the expected cost is
	  Θ(n). Using 2 with a primary hash-based container
	  and secondary hash-based containers, the expected cost is
	  O(1); using 2 with a primary tree-based container and
	  secondary tree-based containers, the expected cost is (using
	  the Jensen inequality [motwani95random])
	  E(O(log(m) + log(n<subscript>i</subscript>)) = O(log(m)) +
	  E(O(log(n<subscript>i</subscript>)) = O(log(m)) + O(log(n)),
	  assuming that primary keys are accessed equiprobably. 3 and 4
	  are similar to 1, but with lower constants. Using 5 with a
	  hash-based container, the expected cost is O(1); using 5
	  with a tree based container, the cost is
	  E(Θ(log(mn))) = Θ(log(m) +
	  log(n)).</para>
	  <para>Suppose one needs the values whose primary key matches some
	  given key. Using 1 with a hash-based container, the expected
	  cost is Θ(n), but the values will not be ordered
	  by secondary keys (which may or may not be required); using 1
	  with a tree-based container, the expected cost is
	  Θ(log(m) + n), but with high constants; again the
	  values will not be ordered by secondary keys. 2, 3, and 4 are
	  similar to 1, but typically with lower constants (and,
	  additionally, if one uses a tree-based container for secondary
	  keys, they will be ordered). Using 5 with a hash-based
	  container, the cost is Θ(mn).</para>
	  <para>Suppose one wants to assign to a primary key all secondary
	  keys assigned to a different primary key. Using 1 with a
	  hash-based container, the expected cost is Θ(n),
	  but with very high constants; using 1 with a tree-based
	  container, the cost is Θ(nlog(mn)). Using 2, 3,
	  and 4, the expected cost is Θ(n), but typically
	  with far lower costs than 1. 5 is similar to 1.</para>

	</section>

      </section>


      <section xml:id="observations.priority_queue">
	<info><title>Priority_Queue</title></info>

	<section xml:id="observations.priority_queue.complexity">
	  <info><title>Complexity</title></info>

	  <para>The following table shows the complexities of the different
	  underlying data structures in terms of orders of growth. It is
	  interesting to note that this table implies something about the
	  constants of the operations as well (see Amortized <function>push</function>
	  and <function>pop</function> operations).</para>

	  <informaltable frame="all">

	    <tgroup cols="6" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
	      <colspec colname="c1"/>
	      <colspec colname="c2"/>
	      <colspec colname="c3"/>
	      <colspec colname="c4"/>
	      <colspec colname="c5"/>
	      <colspec colname="c6"/>
	      <thead>
		<row>
		  <entry></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis><function>push</function></emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis><function>pop</function></emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis><function>modify</function></emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis><function>erase</function></emphasis></entry>
		  <entry><emphasis><function>join</function></emphasis></entry>
		</row>
	      </thead>

	      <tbody>

		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    Θ(n) worst
		    Θ(log(n)) amortized
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    Θ(log(n)) Worst
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    Θ(n log(n)) Worst
		    <subscript>[std note 1]</subscript>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    Θ(n log(n))
		    <subscript>[std note 2]</subscript>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    Θ(n log(n))
		    <subscript>[std note 1]</subscript>
		  </entry>
		</row>
		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		    &lt;<classname>Tag</classname> =
		    <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>&gt;
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    O(1)
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    Θ(n) worst
		    Θ(log(n)) amortized
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    Θ(n) worst
		    Θ(log(n)) amortized
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    Θ(n) worst
		    Θ(log(n)) amortized
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    O(1)
		  </entry>
		</row>
		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		    &lt;<classname>Tag</classname> =
		    <classname>binary_heap_tag</classname>&gt;
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    Θ(n) worst
		    Θ(log(n)) amortized
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    Θ(n) worst
		    Θ(log(n)) amortized
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    Θ(n)
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    Θ(n)
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    Θ(n)
		  </entry>
		</row>
		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		    &lt;<classname>Tag</classname> =
		    <classname>binomial_heap_tag</classname>&gt;
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    Θ(log(n)) worst
		    O(1) amortized
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    Θ(log(n))
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    Θ(log(n))
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    Θ(log(n))
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    Θ(log(n))
		  </entry>
		</row>
		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>
		    &lt;<classname>Tag</classname> =
		    <classname>rc_binomial_heap_tag</classname>&gt;
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    O(1)
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    Θ(log(n))
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    Θ(log(n))
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    Θ(log(n))
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    Θ(log(n))
		  </entry>
		</row>
		<row>
		  <entry>
		    <classname>priority_queue</classname>&lt;<classname>Tag</classname> =
		    <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>&gt;
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    O(1)
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    Θ(n) worst
		    Θ(log(n)) amortized
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    Θ(log(n)) worst
		    O(1) amortized,
		    or Θ(log(n)) amortized
		    <subscript>[thin_heap_note]</subscript>
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    Θ(n) worst
		    Θ(log(n)) amortized
		  </entry>
		  <entry>
		    Θ(n)
		  </entry>
		</row>
	      </tbody>
	    </tgroup>

	  </informaltable>

	  <para>[std note 1] This
	  is not a property of the algorithm, but rather due to the fact
	  that the standard's priority queue implementation does not support
	  iterators (and consequently the ability to access a specific
	  value inside it). If the priority queue is adapting an
	  <classname>std::vector</classname>, then it is still possible to reduce this
	  to Θ(n) by adapting over the standard's adapter and
	  using the fact that <function>top</function> returns a reference to the
	  first value; if, however, it is adapting an
	  <classname>std::deque</classname>, then this is impossible.</para>

	  <para>[std note 2] As
	  with [std note 1], this is not a
	  property of the algorithm, but rather the standard's implementation.
	  Again, if the priority queue is adapting an
	  <classname>std::vector</classname> then it is possible to reduce this to
	  Θ(n), but with a very high constant (one must call
	  <function>std::make_heap</function> which is an expensive linear
	  operation); if the priority queue is adapting an
	  <classname>std::deque</classname>, then this is impossible.</para>

	  <para>[thin_heap_note] A thin heap has
	  Θ(log(n)) worst case <function>modify</function> time
	  always, but the amortized time depends on the nature of the
	  operation: I) if the operation increases the key (in the sense
	  of the priority queue's comparison functor), then the amortized
	  time is O(1), but if II) it decreases it, then the
	  amortized time is the same as the worst case time. Note that
	  for most algorithms, I) is important and II) is not.</para>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="observations.priority_queue.amortized_ops">
	  <info><title>
	    Amortized <function>push</function>
	    and <function>pop</function> operations
	  </title></info>


	  <para>In many cases, a priority queue is needed primarily for
	  sequences of <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function> operations. All of
	  the underlying data structures have the same amortized
	  logarithmic complexity, but they differ in terms of
	  constants.</para>
	  <para>The table above shows that the different data structures are
	  "constrained" in some respects. In general, if a data structure
	  has lower worst-case complexity than another, then it will
	  perform slower in the amortized sense. Thus, for example a
	  redundant-counter binomial heap (<classname>priority_queue</classname> with
	  <classname>Tag</classname> = <classname>rc_binomial_heap_tag</classname>)
	  has lower worst-case <function>push</function> performance than a binomial
	  heap (<classname>priority_queue</classname>
	  with <classname>Tag</classname> = <classname>binomial_heap_tag</classname>),
	  and so its amortized <function>push</function> performance is slower in
	  terms of constants.</para>
	  <para>As the table shows, the "least constrained" underlying
	  data structures are binary heaps and pairing heaps.
	  Consequently, it is not surprising that they perform best in
	  terms of amortized constants.</para>
	  <orderedlist>
	    <listitem><para>Pairing heaps seem to perform best for non-primitive
	    types (e.g., <classname>std::string</classname>s), as shown by
	    Priority
	    Queue Text <function>push</function> Timing Test and Priority
	    Queue Text <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function> Timing
	    Test</para></listitem>
	    <listitem><para>binary heaps seem to perform best for primitive types
	    (e.g., <type>int</type>s), as shown by Priority
	    Queue Random Integer <function>push</function> Timing Test and
	    Priority
	    Queue Random Integer <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function> Timing
	    Test.</para></listitem>
	  </orderedlist>

	</section>

	<section xml:id="observations.priority_queue.graphs">
	  <info><title>
	    Graph Algorithms
	  </title></info>

	  <para>In some graph algorithms, a decrease-key operation is
	  required [clrs2001];
	  this operation is identical to <function>modify</function> if a value is
	  increased (in the sense of the priority queue's comparison
	  functor). The table above and Priority Queue
	  Text <function>modify</function> Up Timing Test show that a thin heap
	  (<classname>priority_queue</classname> with
	  <classname>Tag</classname> = <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>)
	  outperforms a pairing heap (<classname>priority_queue</classname> with
	  <classname>Tag</classname> = <classname>Tag</classname> = <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>),
	  but the rest of the tests show otherwise.</para>

	  <para>This makes it difficult to decide which implementation to use in
	  this case. Dijkstra's shortest-path algorithm, for example, requires
	  Θ(n) <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function> operations
	  (in the number of vertices), but O(n<superscript>2</superscript>)
	  <function>modify</function> operations, which can be in practice Θ(n)
	  as well. It is difficult to find an a-priori characterization of
	  graphs in which the actual number of <function>modify</function>
	  operations will dwarf the number of <function>push</function> and
	  <function>pop</function> operations.</para>

	</section>

      </section> <!-- priority_queue -->

    </section>


  </section> <!-- performance -->

</section>
