ld(1)

NAME
ld - the GNU linker

SYNOPSIS

ld  [-o output ] objfile ...
    [-A architecture ] [-b input-format ] [-Bstatic] [-c commandfile ] [-d|-dc|-dp ]
    [-defsym symbol = expression ] [-e entry ] [-embedded-relocs] [-F] [-F format ] [-format input-format ] [-g] [-G size ] [--help] [-i] [-l ar ] [-L searchdir ] [-M] [-Map mapfile ] [-m emulation ] [-n|-N] [-noinhibit-exec] [-oformat output-format ] [-R filename ] [-relax] [-r|-Ur] [-S] [-s] [-sort-common] [-T commandfile ] [-Ttext textorg ] [-Tdata dataorg ] [-Tbss bssorg ] [-t] [-u sym ] [-V] [-v] [--verbose] [--version] [-warn-common] [-warn-once] [-X] [-x]

DESCRIPTION
ld combines a number of object and archive files, relocates their data and ties up symbol references. Often the last step in building a new compiled program to run is a call to ld . ld accepts Linker Command Language files to provide explicit and total control over the linking process. This man page does not describe the command language; see the `ld ' entry in `info ', or the manual ld: the GNU linker , for full details on the command language and on other aspects of the GNU linker. This version of ld uses the general purpose BFD libraries to operate on object files. This allows ld to read, combine, and write object files in many different formats—for example, COFF or a.out . Different formats may be linked together to produce any available kind of object file. You can use `objdump -i ' to get a list of formats supported on various architectures; see objdump(1). Aside from its flexibility, the GNU linker is more helpful than other linkers in providing diagnostic information. Many linkers abandon execution immediately upon encountering an error; whenever possible, ld continues executing, allowing you to identify other errors (or, in some cases, to get an output file in spite of the error). The GNU linker ld is meant to cover a broad range of situations, and to be as compatible as possible with other linkers. As a result, you have many choices to control its behavior through the command line, and through environment variables.

OPTIONS
The plethora of command-line options may seem intimidating, but in actual practice few of them are used in any particular context. For instance, a frequent use of ld is to link standard Unix object files on a standard, supported Unix system. On such a system, to link a file hello.o :

$ ld -o output /lib/crt0.o hello.o -lc

This tells ld to produce a file called output as the result of linking the file /lib/crt0.o with hello.o and the library libc.a which will come from the standard search directories. The command-line options to ld may be specified in any order, and may be repeated at will. For the most part, repeating an option with a different argument will either have no further effect, or override prior occurrences (those further to the left on the command line) of an option. The exceptions—which may meaningfully be used more than once—are -A , -b (or its synonym -format ), -defsym , -L , -l , -R , and -u . The list of object files to be linked together, shown as objfile , may follow, precede, or be mixed in with command-line options; save that an objfile argument may not be placed between an option flag and its argument. Usually the linker is invoked with at least one object file, but other forms of binary input files can also be specified with -l , -R , and the script command language. If no binary input files at all are specified, the linker does not produce any output, and issues the message `No input files '. Option arguments must either follow the option letter without intervening whitespace, or be given as separate arguments immediately following the option that requires them.

-Aarchitecture
    In the current release of ld , this option is useful only for the Intel 960 family of architectures. In that ld configuration, the architecture argument is one of the two-letter names identifying members of the 960 family; the option specifies the desired output target, and warns of any incompatible instructions in the input files. It also modifies the linker's search strategy for archive libraries, to support the use of libraries specific to each particular architecture, by including in the search loop names suffixed with the string identifying the architecture. For example, if your ld command line included `-ACA ' as well as `-ltry ', the linker would look (in its built-in search paths, and in any paths you specify with -L ) for a library with the names

    try
    libtry.a
    tryca
    libtryca.a

    The first two possibilities would be considered in any event; the last two are due to the use of `-ACA '. Future releases of ld may support similar functionality for other architecture families. You can meaningfully use -A more than once on a command line, if an architecture family allows combination of target architectures; each use will add another pair of name variants to search for when -l specifies a library.

-b input-format
    Specify the binary format for input object files that follow this option on the command line. You don't usually need to specify this, as ld is configured to expect as a default input format the most usual format on each machine. input-format is a text string, the name of a particular format supported by the BFD libraries. -format input-format has the same effect, as does the script command TARGET. You may want to use this option if you are linking files with an unusual binary format. You can also use -b to switch formats explicitly (when linking object files of different formats), by including -b input-format before each group of object files in a particular format. The default format is taken from the environment variable GNUTARGET . You can also define the input format from a script, using the command TARGET .

-Bstatic
    This flag is accepted for command-line compatibility with the SunOS linker, but has no effect on ld .

-c commandfile
    Directs ld to read link commands from the file commandfile . These commands will completely override ld 's default link format (rather than adding to it); commandfile must specify everything necessary to describe the target format. You may also include a script of link commands directly in the command line by bracketing it between `{ ' and `} ' characters.

-d

-dc

-dp These three options are equivalent; multiple forms are supported for compatibility with other linkers. Use any of them to make ld assign space to common symbols even if a relocatable output file is specified (-r ). The script command FORCE_COMMON_ALLOCATION has the same effect.

-defsym symbol
    = expression Create a global symbol in the output file, containing the absolute address given by expression . You may use this option as many times as necessary to define multiple symbols in the command line. A limited form of arithmetic is supported for the expression in this context: you may give a hexadecimal constant or the name of an existing symbol, or use + and - to add or subtract hexadecimal constants or symbols. If you need more elaborate expressions, consider using the linker command language from a script.

-e entry
    Use entry as the explicit symbol for beginning execution of your program, rather than the default entry point. for a discussion of defaults and other ways of specifying the entry point.

-embedded-relocs
    This option is only meaningful when linking MIPS embedded PIC code, generated by the -membedded-pic option to the GNU compiler and assembler. It causes the linker to create a table which may be used at runtime to relocate any data which was statically initialized to pointer values. See the code in testsuite/ld-empic for details.

-F

-Fformat
    Some older linkers used this option throughout a compilation toolchain for specifying object-file format for both input and output object files. ld 's mechanisms (the -b or -format options for input files, the TARGET command in linker scripts for output files, the GNUTARGET environment variable) are more flexible, but but it accepts (and ignores) the -F option flag for compatibility with scripts written to call the old linker.

-format input-format
    Synonym for -b input-format .

-g  Accepted, but ignored; provided for compatibility with other tools.

-G size
    Set the maximum size of objects to be optimized using the GP register to size under MIPS ECOFF. Ignored for other object file formats.

--help
    Print a summary of the command-line options on the standard output and exit. This option and --version begin with two dashes instead of one for compatibility with other GNU programs. The other options start with only one dash for compatibility with other linkers.

-i  Perform an incremental link (same as option -r ).

-lar
    Add an archive file ar to the list of files to link. This option may be used any number of times. ld will search its path-list for occurrences of lib ar .afor every ar specified.

-Lsearchdir
    This command adds path searchdir to the list of paths that ld will search for archive libraries. You may use this option any number of times. The default set of paths searched (without being specified with -L ) depends on what emulation mode ld is using, and in some cases also on how it was configured. The paths can also be specified in a link script with the SEARCH_DIR command.

-M  Print (to the standard output file) a link map—diagnostic information about where symbols are mapped by ld , and information on global common storage allocation.

-Map mapfile
    Print to the file mapfile a link map—diagnostic information about where symbols are mapped by ld , and information on global common storage allocation.

-m emulation
    Emulate the emulation linker. You can list the available emulations with the --verbose option. This option overrides the compiled-in default, which is the system for which you configured ld.

-N  specifies readable and writable text and data sections. If the output format supports Unix style magic numbers, the output is marked as OMAGIC . When you use the `-N ' option, the linker does not page-align the data segment.

-n  sets the text segment to be read only, and NMAGIC is written if possible.

-noinhibit-exec
    Normally, the linker will not produce an output file if it encounters errors during the link process. With this flag, you can specify that you wish the output file retained even after non-fatal errors.

-o output
    output output is a name for the program produced by ld ; if this option is not specified, the name `a.out ' is used by default. The script command OUTPUT can also specify the output file name.

-oformat output-format
    Specify the binary format for the output object file. You don't usually need to specify this, as ld is configured to produce as a default output format the most usual format on each machine. output-format is a text string, the name of a particular format supported by the BFD libraries. The script command OUTPUT_FORMAT can also specify the output format, but this option overrides it.

-R filename
    file Read symbol names and their addresses from filename , but do not relocate it or include it in the output. This allows your output file to refer symbolically to absolute locations of memory defined in other programs.

-relax
    An option with machine dependent effects. Currently this option is only supported on the H8/300. On some platforms, use this option to perform global optimizations that become possible when the linker resolves addressing in your program, such as relaxing address modes and synthesizing new instructions in the output object file. On platforms where this is not supported, `-relax ' is accepted, but has no effect.

-r  Generates relocatable output—i.e., generate an output file that can in turn serve as input to ld . This is often called partial linking. As a side effect, in environments that support standard Unix magic numbers, this option also sets the output file's magic number to OMAGIC . If this option is not specified, an absolute file is produced. When linking C++ programs, this option will not resolve references to constructors; -Ur is an alternative. This option does the same as -i .

-S  Omits debugger symbol information (but not all symbols) from the output file.

-s  Omits all symbol information from the output file.

-sort-common
    Normally, when ld places the global common symbols in the appropriate output sections, it sorts them by size. First come all the one byte symbols, then all the two bytes, then all the four bytes, and then everything else. This is to prevent gaps between symbols due to alignment constraints. This option disables that sorting.

-Tbss org

-Tdata org

-Ttext org
    Use org as the starting address for—respectively—the bss , data , or the text segment of the output file. textorg must be a hexadecimal integer.

-T commandfile

-Tcommandfile
    Equivalent to -c commandfile ; supported for compatibility with other tools.

-t  Prints names of input files as ld processes them.

-u sym
    Forces sym to be entered in the output file as an undefined symbol. This may, for example, trigger linking of additional modules from standard libraries. -u may be repeated with different option arguments to enter additional undefined symbols.

-Ur For anything other than C++ programs, this option is equivalent to -r : it generates relocatable output—i.e., an output file that can in turn serve as input to ld . When linking C++ programs, -Ur will resolve references to constructors, unlike -r .

--verbose
    Display the version number for ld and list the supported emulations. Display which input files can and can not be opened.

-v, -V
    Display the version number for ld .

--version
    Display the version number for ld and exit.

-warn-common
    Warn when a common symbol is combined with another common symbol or with a symbol definition. Unix linkers allow this somewhat sloppy practice, but linkers on some other operating systems do not. This option allows you to find potential problems from combining global symbols.

-warn-once
    Only warn once for each undefined symbol, rather than once per module which refers to it.

-X  If -s or -S is also specified, delete only local symbols beginning with `L '.

-x  If -s or -S is also specified, delete all local symbols, not just those beginning with `L '.

ENVIRONMENT
You can change the behavior of ld with the environment variable GNUTARGET . GNUTARGET determines the input-file object format if you don't use -b (or its synonym -format ). Its value should be one of the BFD names for an input format. If there is no GNUTARGET in the environment, ld uses the natural format of the host. If GNUTARGET is set to default then BFD attempts to discover the input format by examining binary input files; this method often succeeds, but there are potential ambiguities, since there is no method of ensuring that the magic number used to flag object-file formats is unique. However, the configuration procedure for BFD on each system places the conventional format for that system first in the search-list, so ambiguities are resolved in favor of convention.

SEE ALSO
objdump(1)
`ld' and `binutils' entries in info
ld: the GNU linker, Steve Chamberlain and Roland Pesch; The GNU Binary Utilities, Roland H. Pesch.

COPYING
Copyright (c) 1991, 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be included in translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the original English.